The Federal Reserve is set to act this week to raise short-term interest rates. There are a number of technical and policy questions raised by this long-anticipated decision. The Fed conventionally raises short-term interest rates by selling short-term Treasury obligations. It no longer owns any short-term Treasuries to sell.
Based on prior statements, the Fed is expected to increase the interest rate on reserves held by commercial banks at Federal Reserve banks. The Fed is operating in uncharted waters. It is not clear how increasing interest on reserves will affect other short-term interest rates. Further, the Fed is already paying commercial banks over $6 billion in interest payments annually. That amounts to a fiscal transfer from taxpayers to bankers. Raising rates will only increase that transfer. As we approach a presidential election year, that is likely to become grist for political mills.
The Fed could also raise the interest rate on reverse repurchase agreements at a facility at the New York Fed. The Fed is effectively borrowing money from financial institutions like money market funds. It functions as a subsidy to those institutions, as the Federal Reserve System has no business or policy reason for borrowing money. Once again, I would anticipate political questioning of such a move.
Free-market economists are in a policy conundrum. Most have long advocated higher interest rates. But the facilities through which that policy will now be effected have questionable validity. Some of the same economists advocating higher short-term rates have also been critical of the Fed’s payment of interest on reserves. Those economists must now ask for more of something they wanted none of. Operational considerations are confounding substantive policy.
All of the above is a consequence of the Fed’s having implemented extraordinary monetary policy. That included shedding all liquid, short-term Treasury obligations in favor of loading up on risky and illiquid, long-term debt obligations. Critics argued the Fed would rue the day it did that. Now that day has arrived.