And in Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton wrote that the judiciary would be the “least dangerous” branch of government because it possesses the power of neither sword nor purse.
Sometimes the courts live up to those aspirations, in cases from Lochner and Brown v. Board right up to the last days of the past Supreme Court term. Sometimes not so much, as Robert A. Levy and William Mellor wrote in The Dirty Dozen: How Twelve Supreme Court Cases Radically Expanded Government and Eroded Freedom. But as legal scholar Richard Epstein said in a 1984 debate with Judge Antonin Scalia, “the imperfections of the judicial system must be matched with the imperfections of the political branches of government.” And legislatures make plenty of mistakes.
Last summer Judge Andrew Napolitano concluded one of his Freedom Watch programs on the Fox Business Channel by hailing four federal judges who had courageously and correctly struck down state and federal laws:
- Judge Martin L. C. Feldman, who blocked President Obama’s moratorium on oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico;
- Judge Susan Bolton, who blocked Arizona’s restrictive immigration law;
- Judge Henry Hudson, who refused to dismiss Virginia’s challenge to the health care mandate; and
- Judge Vaughn Walker, who struck down California’s Proposition 8 banning gay marriage.
It was a remarkable summer for judicial protection of individual rights and limited government.
One charge that’s often raised in these politically polarized times is that judges simply rule on the basis of their partisan allegiance — Democratic‐appointed judges uphold Obamacare, Republican‐appointed judges rule against it. That would be a troubling pattern. One of the reasons we have life tenure for federal judges is to free them from such political pressures. Fortunately, the charge is not entirely true. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a former law clerk to Justice Scalia who was vigorously opposed by liberals when President George W. Bush appointed him to the Sixth Circuit, voted to uphold the individual mandate. Judge Frank Hull, a Clinton appointee, voted in the 11th Circuit to strike down the law. Judge Freudenthal, who struck down the Obama administration’s attempt to make oil and gas drilling on federal lands more difficult, is not only a Democrat; she was appointed to the bench in 2009 by President Obama while her husband Dave served as the Democratic governor of Wyoming. And perhaps most famously, Judge Vaughn Walker, who struck down Proposition 8, was appointed by President Reagan in 1987; his nomination was so effectively opposed by Rep. Nancy Pelosi, Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, the NAACP, and gay‐rights groups that he had to be renominated two years later by another Republican president, George Bush.
Democrats and Republicans alike can read the Constitution. They both know that it says that “Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.” They both know that the principal author of the Constitution, James Madison, wrote in Federalist 45, “The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined.” They both know that American citizens, even those accused of terrorism, are entitled to their “constitutional rights — like habeas corpus, which requires the government to justify continued detentions, and the Sixth Amendment, which assures a speedy and public jury trial with assistance of counsel.”
The separation of powers, with an independent judiciary, is essential to the rule of law and the protection of freedom. It is refreshing to see how often judges do live up to the expectation that they would “be an impenetrable bulwark against every assumption of power in the legislative or executive.”