Even worse, what is true of the United States also appears to be true in most of the world’s major democratic, developed countries. Test: How many functioning, economically developed democracies are there with a current set of fiscal policies that will not lead them to financial ruin? To be more specific, this means countries with a debt‐to‐gross‐domestic‐product ratio of less than 50 percent, in which the economy is growing faster than additional debt. Leave out very small economies and resource‐based countries such as petro‐states like Norway.
The good news is that at least a half‐dozen democratic countries are on a path of long‐run growth and financial stability and can serve as good examples for reform. The bad news is that all of the large democracies, such as the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom and most of the eurozone countries are headed for financial meltdowns, a la Greece, unless they make fundamental changes very quickly.
The countries listed in the accompanying table have figured out how to be growing, free‐market, functioning democracies without incurring an unmanageable debt. Just two of them, Switzerland and Sweden, have been independent democracies for more than a century. Chile, Korea and Taiwan have only been real democracies for less than three decades. The Swiss, with the rise of the Swiss franc against the euro and U.S. dollar, have about the highest per capita income in the world (outside of small petro‐states) even though they have few natural resources and no direct access to the sea. They have succeeded by keeping their central government very small — Switzerland is a federal republic, with most government services delivered at the canton (state) level. The Swedes, having built the world’s first democratic welfare state, found themselves heading toward fiscal ruin, but before running off the cliff like Greece, they began a serious program of economic reform 15 years ago. They have downsized and freed up their economy, which has resulted in the highest growth rate of the developed economies in Europe over the past couple of years.
Chile should be a role model for low‐income countries because it shows how good economic policies can transform a relatively poor country to a middle‐income country in one generation. Chile has the highest per capita income in Latin America. Even though the government has swung back and forth from being controlled by parties of the left and right, the basic free‐market, limited‐government economic model designed by economists from the University of Chicago and the brilliant Jose Pinera has remained in place. The largely privatized social security system was the brainchild of Mr. Pinera and has been so successful that more than 30 countries have adopted versions of it, including Sweden.
South Korea and Taiwan have both increasingly democratized and freed up their economies in recent decades, with spectacular results, but they still are not as economically free as Chile.
Rich democracies tend to gum up their economic arteries with never‐ending increases in regulation, tax complexity and debt. Understanding how to reverse this is critical if liberty and economic growth are to be preserved in the developed democratic countries.