Alexandria, Virginia Gets Housing Affordability Wrong

Alexandria, Virginia’s city council successfully increased the meals tax on restaurants in its jurisdiction on May 10th. The Council’s plan is to dedicate the meals tax revenue to building affordable housing.


There are a variety of issues with the city council’s plan to increase taxes and provide affordable housing.


First, the tax is supposed to help low and moderate income Alexandria residents, but restaurant taxes are regressive: the shares of after‐​tax income spent on meals away from home by households in the lowest, second‐​lowest, second‐​highest, and highest income deciles are 20.4 percent, 7.9 percent, 4.4 percent, and 3.8 percent, respectively.


That means the meals tax would likely collect five times the share of after‐​tax income from low‐​income households as high‐​income families, as Michael F. Cannon points out in a recent Alexandria Times letter to the editor. In short, the meals tax is a regressive tax parading as a progressive measure.


Furthermore, the meals tax signals Alexandria believes it can tax and spend its way out of housing affordability problems. With as high as Alexandria housing prices are, Alexandria has no practical hope of doing that.


The median Alexandria, Virginia sale price in 2017 was over half a million dollars, and in certain neighborhoods like Potomac Yard / Potomac Greens, the median sale price is greater than three‐​quarters of a million dollars. The meals tax raises less than $5 million annually, which could provide 10 median Alexandria homes annually.


But Alexandria has more serious housing affordability problems than limited tax revenue. Like other cities, the cost of housing is driven by restrictive regulation. If residents wonder why the supply of affordable housing in Alexandria is dwindling, they need look no further than the city zoning map and the associated zoning ordinance.

Figure I: City of Alexandria Zoning Map

A substantial portion of Alexandria property is zoned for single family residential, shown in pale yellow above. In a high demand place like Alexandria, just outside restrictively zoned Washington, D.C. this land would likely voluntarily be put to a higher use (e.g. multi‐​family residential) in the absence of the regulation.


It is true that portions of Old Town are zoned for townhomes, shown in dark yellow. But most of Old Town falls within a historic district, which means that substantial change is nearly impossible and redevelopment is subject to extensive regulation and oversight from city boards and commissions. In fact, the city has a 200 page design guideline guidebook on the special considerations associated with development in this historic downtown area alone.


The review process isn’t only heavy‐​handed in the historic district. In Alexandria, there are around 25 citizen boards managing architectural, archaeological, environmental, historical, urban design and related planning considerations for proposed development. This number excludes task forces with other specific planning functions, like determining parking standards for new development.


In general, multi‐​family residential is only allowed on Alexandria’s fringe, shown in orange. These implicit limits on housing supply and affordable housing design contained in Alexandria’s zoning code matter more than a meals tax garnering around $5 million annually ever will.


That’s because density limits, design guidelines, and historic districts substantially inflate housing costs. Academic research estimates zoning increases the cost of housing by 30–50% in some restrictively regulated coastal cities.


Developers will build new housing units if given the opportunity. And when housing supply meets the demand for housing, housing affordability will improve as outlined in detail in Zoning, Land‐​Use Planning, and Housing Affordability, a recent Cato policy analysis paper.


Alexandria’s city council doesn’t understand housing affordability. This feature makes them similar to other local and state governments in the U.S. But if Alexandria genuinely wants to solve the affordability problem it will need a new strategy that prioritizes relaxing regulation and streamlines the development process.


A modified version of the article was originally published in the Alexandria Times.