The results of our research — the Hanke-Krus World Hyperinflation Table – were first published by Routledge in 2013. The table contained all 56 countries that had ever experienced a hyperinflation. In late 2016, we amended the Table. It was then that Venezuela became the 57th official, verified episode of hyperinflation and was added to the Table (see the table below).
For the Hanke-Krus World Hyperinflation Table Notes and Sources, see Hanke-Bushnell working paper.
Just what are the criteria required for a country to qualify for the hyperinflation designation? An episode of hyperinflation occurs when the monthly inflation rate exceeds 50% for 30 consecutive days. In the case of Venezuela its monthly inflation rate first exceeded 50% on November 3, 2016 and continued to exceed 50% per month for 42 days, ending on December 14, 2016 (see the chart below).
Venezuela Monthly Inflation Rate.
But, just how do we measure inflation in countries that are experiencing elevated inflation rates? In selected countries, including Venezuela, my team at the Johns Hopkins-Cato Institute Troubled Currencies Project (TCP) measures monthly and annual inflation rates each day. Unlike many of the numbers tossed around in countries with elevated levels of inflation, our measurements meet academic standards. The TCP measurements are based on changes in black market (read: free market) exchange rates. The principle of purchasing power parity (PPP) is used to translate exchange rate changes into estimates of implied inflation rates. When inflation is elevated, this method provides deadly accurate estimates.
Today, Venezuela remains in play. Its socialist economy is imploding and its currency, the bolivar, is collapsing. This gave rise to the world’s 57th episode of hyperinflation in late 2016. And in 2017, there was a period in which the monthly inflation rate exceeded 50% for 19 consecutive days. At present, the monthly rate sits at 31%.
Most of what is reported in the press are not measurements of actual inflation rates. Rather, they are forecasts for Venezuela’s inflation that have been made by various international institutions – most notably the International Monetary Fund. These forecasts are nothing more than guestimates — finger-in-the-wind forecasts. They are carved in stone and repeated ad nauseam in the financial press. Unfortunately, as with most things in finance, the 95% Rule reigns — 95% of what you read in the financial press is either wrong or irrelevant.