America’s drugmakers are under attack. Congressmen are pushing to cut prices and trim patent rights. Passage of a Medicare pharmaceutical will encourage Uncle Sam to regulate drug access and prices directly.
State legislators are debating their own draconian price control schemes. The media, such as the PBS show Frontline, has targeted the drugmakers. Trial attorneys, left-wing activists, and state attorneys general are filing lawsuits charging pharmaceutical firms with everything from racketeering to fraud.
This assault is not new. Drug companies have been under pressure for a decade. When the Clinton administration attempted to nationalize American health care, it sought to demonize the drugmakers as well as most doctors and hospitals.
Unfortunately, years of demagoguery advanced for political profit are having an impact. Public opinions of the industry have been falling sharply.
While Americans have yet to agree with Al Gore’s grotesque comparison of the drugmakers to the tobacco companies and “big polluters” — there is little that he would not say to win a vote — they are increasingly turning on an industry that has done so much to improve their lives. HarrisInteractive reports that those who believe the drugmakers are doing a good job of serving consumers fell from 79 percent to 57 percent from just 1997 to 2001.
Yet new pharmaceuticals are responsible for almost half of the reduced mortality among different diseases between 1970 and 1991. Columbia University’s Frank Lichtenberg figures that every new drug approved during that time saves over 11,000 life-years annually. And the benefits continue. He estimates that fully 40 percent of the increase in average lifespan between 1986 and 2000 is due to new drugs.
“Three decades ago medical technology was rather primitive by today’s standards,” says Dr. E. M. Kolassa of the University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy. “Today, physicians have at their disposal medications and technologies that provide for the immediate diagnosis and treatment of most of the disorders that affect modern man.”
Hundreds of new drugs are in development for cancer, heart disease, strokes, Azheimer’s, infectious diseases, and AIDS. Consider the latter: Two decades ago there was no treatment for AIDS. By 1987 there was one drug, AZT. Now there are 74 anti-AIDS drugs available and another 100 in development.
Similarly, pharmaceuticals offer the best hope of combating any future outbreak of SARS, which has killed over 700 people. In fact, the quickest solution is to find an existing medicine that works. Laboratories are currently screening some 2000 approved and experimental drugs to see if they are useful in fighting SARS.
Yeoh Eng-kiong, Hong Kong’s secretary of health, welfare, and food, observes that not treating the sick isn’t an option: “Under such desperate situations, you try your best.” And that means experimenting. Gurinder Shahi, a doctor in Singapore, explains: “Given how little we know about SARS and the reality that it is killing people, it is justified for us to be daring and innovative in coming up with solutions.”
Daring innovation is most likely to come in a competitive, profit-driven market. After all, today’s medicines exist only because there is a bevy of sophisticated pharmaceutical companies devoted to finding drugs to heal the sick.
Isn’t this serving consumers well?
Ah, but prices are high. Too high, in the view of myopic, vote-seeking politicians. “There’s no question that prescription drugs cost too much in this nation,” claims Sen. Jim Jeffords (I., Vt.).
Why, yes. They only save lives. Extend our life spans. Moderate our pain. Control our nausea. Eliminate our need for surgery. Treat our allergies.
Why should we have to pay for such products? The outrage. The horror. Drugs should be free. Or at least a lot cheaper.
It would be nice if they were, of course, but people who believe prices can be lowered legislatively are living in the world as it ought to be. Everyone ought to be rich and beautiful. Everyone out to be paid a million dollars a year for working ten hours a week.
Everyone ought to have a Mercedes at a Yugo price. Everyone ought to have a mansion for the price of a shack. And everyone ought to have all of the pharmaceuticals now available, but for less money.
Life as it ought to be.
Unfortunately, pharmaceuticals do not appear outside company doors every morning like manna from heaven appeared in the Promised Land for the ancient Israelites. Instead, firms review numerous plausible substances: of every 5,000 to 10,000 checked, 250 make it to animal testing. About five reach human trials. Only one gets past the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) onto the market. That one has to pay for the research costs of the other 5,000 to 10,000. It ain’t easy.
Thus, the real cost of pharmaceuticals is not making the pill that patients swallow. It’s the research that went into developing the pill — as well as the other 9,999 substances that never made it to the market. The pill’s price also has to cover the cost of running the company and complying with burdensome FDA requirements.
The Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development estimates that companies spend nearly $900 million over a ten- or fifteen-year period to develop each drug. America’s major research firms alone spent $32 billion on R&D last year.
Nevertheless, some politicians would control prices directly. For instance, legislators in Maine want to impose rates that they think are fair and are threatening retaliation if any company tries to pull out of the market in response. Washington already demands super-discounts for some of its programs.
But government can only confiscate the drugmakers’ existing inventory. It can’t force them to keep making drugs to be confiscated in the future.
Adopting Canadian- or European-style controls will result in a Canadian- or European-style drug industry and patient access. These countries do their best to free ride off of America, but their pharmaceutical industries are weak and getting weaker.
Moreover, their ill citizens have far less access to important medications. The group Europe Economics warns that patients often wait years for life-saving products.
Still, America’s political air is filled with other alleged panaceas. Reimportation from Canada is pushed even by some conservatives. Yet prices are lower there because the government imposes price controls and litigation costs are less — the country is not full of profit-minded tort attorneys. Charging Canadian (or Mexican, or Afghan) prices in the U.S. means the drugs would not be developed in the first place.
Increased use of generics is another idea. Generics are an important component of the existing market, accounting for almost half of all prescriptions written. But generics companies provide very little independent R&D to develop new products, the lifeblood of medical progress.
Politicians also are pushing a range of utilization restrictions — formularies, reference pricing, and more. Yet every attempt to stop people from using new medicines endangers their health and threatens to increase health costs elsewhere. For instance, Frank Lichtenberg estimates that replacing 1000 older prescriptions with newer drugs raises pharmaceutical costs by 18,000 but cuts hospital costs by $44,000.
Everyone in America has a stake in lowering health-care costs. But they also have a stake in maintaining quality health care. If the pharmaceutical industry succumbs to the demagogic campaign against it, we will all suffer the painful consequences.
