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# Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: Sources of Monetary Disorder, 1922–1938 

The gold standard is often blamed for causing “the Great Contraction” — the unprecedented collapse of the U.S. money stock that began after the 1929 stock market crash and led to the Great Depression. Here*,* preeminent monetary historians Thomas M. Humphrey and Richard H. Timberlake thoroughly refute that claim.

September 2019 

By Thomas Humphrey and [Richard H. Timberlake Jr.](https://www.cato.org/people/richard-timberlake) 

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##### About the Book 

The gold standard is often blamed for causing “the Great Contraction” — the unprecedented collapse of the U.S. money stock that began after the 1929 stock market crash and led to the Great Depression.

In *Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: Sources of Monetary Disorder, 1922–1938,* preeminent monetary historians Thomas M. Humphrey and Richard H. Timberlake thoroughly refute that claim. Instead, they identify the culprit as a now relatively unknown, but once highly influential, theory: the Real Bills Doctrine. The Fed’s failure to stem the Great Contraction was due, not to any shortage of gold, but to Fed official’s devotion to a doctrine that made them unwilling to make full use of the United States’ ample gold reserves.

Anyone interested in understanding the causes of Great Depression, and particularly the part prevailing economic theories played in it, should regard *Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: Sources of Monetary Disorder, 1922–1938* as an absolutely essential work.

##### About the Authors 

Thomas Humphrey is the former vice president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and the author of *Money, Banking, and Inflation*.

Richard Timberlake is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Georgia, an adjunct scholar of the Cato Institute, and the author of *Monetary Policy in the United States*.