March 22, 2019 12:53PM # What Federal Spending to Cut? By [Chris Edwards](https://www.cato.org/people/chris-edwards) --- SHARE Economist Martin Feldstein [warns about](https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-debt-crisis-is-coming-soon-11553122139) excessive government debt in the *Wall Street Journal:* > The most dangerous domestic problem facing America’s federal government is the rapid growth of its budget deficit and national debt. I agree. > To avoid economic distress, the government either has to impose higher taxes or reduce future spending. Since raising taxes weakens incentives and further slows economic growth … the better approach is to slow government spending growth. I agree. > Defense spending and nondefense discretionary outlays can’t be reduced below the unprecedented and dangerously low shares of GDP that the CBO projects. Thus the only option is to throw the brakes on entitlements. In particular, the government needs to hold back the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. Here, I differ with Feldstein. We need a more expansive view of what can and should be cut. The pie chart breaks down the $4.5 trillion federal budget for 2019 into major parts, and it identifies which parts should be cut. ![Media Name: pie.png](/sites/cato.org/files/styles/pubs_2x/public/wp-content/uploads/pie.png?itok=ybqPH8Qm) Here are some reform suggestions: - *Social Security*. Congress [should](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/ssa/social-security-retirement) raise the retirement age as Feldstein advises, but also switch the indexing of initial benefits from wages to prices to slow growth, [while also](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/ssa/social-security-disability-insurance) reforming disability insurance to encourage work. - *Medicare*. Congress [should](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/hhs/medicare-reforms) increase premiums and cost-sharing while moving to a system of vouchers to encourage competition and cost control. - *Medicaid*. Congress [should](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/hhs/medicaid-reforms) convert federal aid to block grants in order to cut federal spending and encourage state innovation and cost reductions. - *Defense*. The largest federal bureaucracy is the Pentagon’s civilian staff of 750,000. A [*Washington Post* investigation](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/pentagon-bureaucratic-waste-125-billion) suggested that bloat in the defense bureaucracy cost more than $100 billion year. I don’t know whether that is true, but the Pentagon could certainly save money by tackling [excessive layering](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/pentagon-bureaucracy), [cost overruns](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/government-cost-overruns), and [corruption](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/navy-scandal-classic-government-corruption). - *Interest*. Without reforms, interest costs are expected to double over the next seven years, but those costs would fall if Congress cut spending. - *Other Spending*. Congress should cut [food](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/food-subsidies) subsidies, [farm](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/subsidies) subsidies, [energy](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/energy/energy-subsidies) subsidies, [housing](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/hud/public-housing-rental-subsidies) subsidies, [rural](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/rural-subsidies) subsidies, [development](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/commerce/eda) subsidies, [K‑12](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/education/k-12-education-subsidies) subsidies, [college](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/education/higher-education-subsidies) subsidies, [welfare](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/hhs/welfare-spending) subsidies, [disaster](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/dhs/fema) subsidies, [security](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/homeland-security/tsa) subsidies, [community](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/hud/community-development) subsidies, [developer](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/low-income-housing-tax-credit-costly-complex-and-corruption-prone) subsidies, [water](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/interior/cutting-bureau-reclamation) subsidies, [grazing](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/interior/reforming-federal-land-management) subsidies, [unemployment](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/labor/failures-of-unemployment-insurance) subsidies, [training](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/labor/employment-training-programs) subsidies, [highway](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/transportation/federal-highway-policies) subsidies, [transit](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/transportation/urban-transit) subsidies, [airport](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatizing-us-airports) subsidies, [rail](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/transportation/privatizing-amtrak) subsidies, [worker](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/earned-income-tax-credit) subsidies, [foreign aid](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/us-foreign-aid-programs) subsidies, [business](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/sba) subsidies, [flood](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/usace) subsidies, [power](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatizing-federal-electricity-infrastructure) subsidies, and much more. If the government is subsidizing everyone, then it is effectively subsidizing no one. We are shuffling trillions of dollars around and the largest net gainers are the high-paid [middlemen](https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/federal-worker-pay) and lobbyists in Washington. Feldstein [concludes](https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-debt-crisis-is-coming-soon-11553122139): “Lawmakers don’t like to cut spending, but they have to do something. Otherwise the exploding national debt will be an increasing burden on our children, economic growth and our future standard of living.” I agree with that, but it suggests that cuts are like taking unpleasant medicine to treat an illness. Instead, spending cuts should be viewed as a positive. They would shift resources from mismanaged and damaging federal programs to more productive private activities. Federal spending cuts are not a necessary evil needed to tackle deficits, but rather an opportunity to spur growth and expand freedom. ##### Related Tags [Tax and Budget Policy](https://www.cato.org/tax-budget-policy) [![Creative Commons License](/build/cato_2020/images/creative-commons.svg)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).