March 25, 2013 9:08AM # Same-Sex Marriage at the Supreme Court: A Scorecard By [Walter Olson](https://www.cato.org/people/walter-olson) --- SHARE On Tuesday and Wednesday the Supreme Court will hear oral argument in [*Hollingsworth* v. *Perry*](http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/hollingsworth-v-perry/), the challenge to California’s Proposition 8, and [*U.S.* v. *Windsor*](http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/windsor-v-united-states-2/), the challenge to Section 3 (federal definition of marriage) of the Defense of Marriage Act. A Ninth Circuit panel, with liberal Judge Stephen Reinhardt writing, had [invalidated](http://overlawyered.com/2012/02/february-9-roundup-3/) Prop 8 on relatively narrow grounds; a Second Circuit panel, with conservative Chief Judge Dennis Jacobs writing, had [invalidated](http://allmdfamilies.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/judge-jacobs-strikes-down-doma-section-3/) Section 3 of DOMA on Equal Protection grounds. The range of possible outcomes for the two cases is quite wide. At one end, the Court could reverse both appellate decisions, restoring the California ban on gay marriage and confirming the legal definition of marriage as opposite-sex-only for purposes of federal programs such as taxation (at issue in *Windsor*) and federal employee pensions. At the other end, the Court could apply Equal Protection Clause principles to declare that marriage licenses must be available in all states to all otherwise qualified couples regardless of sex. In between are many intermediate outcomes. Both cases, especially *Perry*, raise issues of litigant standing that might enable or require the Court to set aside the ultimate merits and render a decision with little or no precedential impact on future cases. The Cato Institute has filed amicus briefs in both cases. In its active amicus program Cato has long taken a broad view of Equal Protection Clause protections, and in this case joined with the Constitutional Accountability Center to file briefs in *[Perry](http://theusconstitution.org/sites/default/files/briefs/CAC-Cato-Perry-Amicus-Brief.pdf)* and *[Windsor](http://theusconstitution.org/sites/default/files/briefs/CAC-Cato-Windsor-amicus-brief.pdf)* urging that marriage be made available without distinction of sex on Equal Protection grounds. (It’s an “odd-couple” alliance in that CAC is known for its progressive view of the Constitution and regularly winds up on the opposite side from Cato on other high court issues such as ObamaCare and campaign finance.) Ilya Shapiro discusses *[Windsor](https://www.cato.org/blog/doma-unconstitutionally-denies-federal-benefits-legally-married-same-sex-couples-0)* and *[Perry](https://www.cato.org/blog/equality-under-law-requires-state-sanctioned-marriage-be-available-same-sex-couples)*; Constitutional Law Prof Blog [provides an analysis](http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2013/03/daily-read-us-v-windsor-the-doma-case-amicus-brief-cato-institute-and-constitutional-accountability-.html) of the Cato/​CAC Windsor brief. *The Daily Press* (Hampton Roads, Va.) cites our arguments in its new [editorial](http://www.dailypress.com/news/opinion/dp-edt-marriageequality-editorial-20130323,0,2377879.story). The Heritage Foundation, which of late has crusaded against same-sex marriage on both legal and substantive grounds, [collects and summarizes](http://blog.heritage.org/2013/03/10/broad-diverse-defense-of-marriage-at-supreme-court/) some of the many briefs filed by those on its side of the controversy. Quite a few scholars and public commentators have invoked federalism and called attention to possible resolutions that defer to the various states. A “[federalism scholars’ brief](http://www.robbinsrussell.com/sites/default/files/appellate_pdf/US_v_Windsor_Amicus_Brief_March_2013.pdf)” in DOMA (described [here](https://www.cato.org/blog/supreme-court-could-also-strike-down-doma-federalism-grounds) by Ilya Shapiro) signed by, among others, four law professors who blog at Volokh Conspiracy (Jonathan Adler, Dale Carpenter, Randy Barnett, and Ilya Somin) supports striking down section 3 of DOMA not directly on Equal Protection grounds, but because of its attempt to inject federal policy into a field (domestic relations) historically occupied by state law. \[More: Jonathan Adler [exchange](http://www.volokh.com/2013/03/08/debating-doma-and-federalism/) with Nicholas Rosenkranz and Ed Whelan.\] Separately, in a [*Wall Street Journal* piece](http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324281004578354300151597848.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEADTop), widely respected Stanford law professor and former judge Michael McConnell writes that the pair of cases “offers the justices a golden opportunity to resolve these cases without setting a precedent either way, and to reaffirm the ideal of democratic, decentralized decision-making.” To do that, he suggested the Court might want to dodge *Perry* on standing grounds while upholding *Windsor* on the ground “that DOMA improperly intrudes on the reserved powers of the states.” Syndicated columnist George Will, who is [critical](http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-will-the-shaky-science-behind-same-sex-marriage/2013/03/15/ccdbe82a-8cc9-11e2-9f54-f3fdd70acad2_story.html) of the attempt to invoke social science as a reason to overturn Prop 8, calls DOMA an intrusion on traditional state law and suggests that “a jurisprudence true to conservative principles, properly understood” would [get rid of it](http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-doma-infringes-on-states-rights/2013/03/20/fa845348-90bb-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_story.html). The Federalist Society has a [symposium](http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/detail/same-sex-marriage-a-variety-of-perspectives-on-united-states-v-windsor-and-hollingsworth-v-perry) with two defenders of Prop 8/DOMA (John Eastman and Nelson Lund) and two critics (Dale Carpenter and Ilya Shapiro). Libertarian law professor Richard Epstein finds [originalism at odds with liberty](http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/143166) in the cases. Ilya Somin, tracking Georgetown’s Marty Lederman, outlines the Court’s [options in the Prop 8 case](http://www.volokh.com/2013/03/01/the-supreme-courts-options-in-the-california-same-sex-marriage-case/). Some of the amicus briefs on the traditionalist side invoke the “gay marriage is bad for children” argument, which I’ve contested [before](http://allmdfamilies.wordpress.com/2012/10/22/anti-6-theme-children-do-best-when-raised-by-their-married-mom-and-dad/). Recent revelations confirm suspicions that in the rush to publication of the [extremely](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/walter-olson/regnerus-gay-parenting-study_b_1681253.html) [controversial](http://www.boxturtlebulletin.com/2013/03/01/54143) Mark Regnerus study, often [misrepresented](http://www.boxturtlebulletin.com/2013/03/21/54762) as indicating bad outcomes from same-sex parenting, use in Supreme Court argumentation was [one consideration](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/10/supreme-court-gay-marriage_n_2850302.html?ncid=edlinkusaolp00000003&ir=Gay%20Voices). In the coming week I and others at Cato will be appearing at public events in Washington, D.C., headlined by a Wednesday event with Ilya Shapiro, Ken Mehlman and Evan Wolfson (register [here](https://www.cato.org/events/law-politics-same-sex-marriage)), as well as broadcast commentary on the unfolding story. \[cross-posted from Overlawyered, where it ran in [slightly different form](http://overlawyered.com/2013/03/same-sex-marriage-supreme-court/)\] ##### Related Tags [Constitutional Law](https://www.cato.org/constitutional-law), [Robert A. Levy Center for Constitutional Studies](https://www.cato.org/robert-levy-center-constitutional-studies) [![Creative Commons License](/build/cato_2020/images/creative-commons.svg)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).