February 2, 2012 3:55PM # Egypt’s Arab Spring, One Year Later By [Malou Innocent](https://www.cato.org/people/malou-innocent) --- SHARE As many expected, Islamist parties [will form a dominant majority](http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/1/22/final-results-for-egypts-parliamentary-elections.html) in Egypt’s first [freely elected parliament](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/01/25/results-of-egypt%25E2%2580%2599s-people%25E2%2580%2599s-assembly-elections). The Islamists are here to stay and fear-mongering over their rise is unproductive, since Egyptians will judge for themselves whether Islamists are delivering on their promises. Moreover, understanding the dynamics that brought religious parties to power should be the real goal, and will ultimately prove more useful to those engaging this nascent democracy. The [Freedom and Justice Party (FJP)](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/22/al-hurriyya-wa-al-%25E2%2580%2598adala-freedom-and-justice-party), the political arm of Egypt’s underground religious fraternity, the [Muslim Brotherhood](http://www.ikhwanweb.com/), [won](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/01/10/when-victory-becomes-an-option-egypt%25E2%2580%2599s-muslim-brotherhood-confronts-success) [almost half](http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/01/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-blocks-protest-in-egypt.html) [the seats](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16665748) in parliament. The [al-Nour Party](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/21/al-nour-light-party) and the [Islamist Alliance](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/11/02/al-tahaluf-al-islami-the-islamist-alliance), a coalition of puritanical [Salafist](http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/81366.pdf) parties more conservative than the Brotherhood, came in second with [25 percent of the vote](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/01/25/results-of-egypt%25E2%2580%2599s-people%25E2%2580%2599s-assembly-elections). Combined, Islamists have taken about two-thirds of the seats in the new assembly. If placed on a generic right-left political spectrum, [Salafis](http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/81366.pdf) and other arch-conservatives would be on the far right, socialists and non-Islamists would be on the far left, and the [liberal](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/16/the-reform-and-development-party) and [moderate nationalist](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/20/al-wafd-delegation-party) parties like [al-Wafd](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/20/al-wafd-delegation-party) would fall somewhere in the middle alongside the right-of-center Muslim Brotherhood. The movement advocates the system of a ceremonial president overseeing foreign policy and a prime minister in control of domestic affairs. It decided [not to field a candidate](http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/31/191699.html) for the presidency. Egyptians in general and the Muslim Brotherhood in particular prefer stability and economic growth to waging jihad. On the one hand the Brotherhood [vows](http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=251732) to never recognize Israel, on the other its deputy chairman recently [claimed](http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29611), “We have announced clearly that we as Egyptians will abide by the commitments made by the Egyptian government…They are all linked to institutions and not individuals.” On war, renowned French social scientist Olivier Roy [explains](http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2012/01/arab-egypt-iran-muslim) that Egypt’s religious parties are constrained by democratic mechanisms that hold the people’s legitimacy: > The “Islamic” electorate in Egypt today is not revolutionary; it is conservative. It wants order. It wants leaders who will kick-start the economy and affirm conventional religious values, but it is not ready for the great adventure of a caliphate or an Islamic republic. And the Muslim Brotherhood knows this. Elements of the 1978 Camp David Accords [are](http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-plans-to-put-treaty-with-israel-to-a-referendum-1.404987) [in](http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Egypt-Looking-to-Re-Negotiate-Israeli-Natural-Gas-Deal.html) [dispute](http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-new-contours-gaza-5372), but such changes will not lead ineluctably to war. The more interesting questions about the rise of Egypt’s Islamists lie in the domestic arena: Will the Brotherhood make good pluralists? Will religious liberty be deemed apostasy or an individual human right? Will a body of Islamic scholars be established to arbitrate Sharia law? Part of the problem is that the Brotherhood members talk a good game about the principles of “[liberty and equality](http://fjponline.com/article.php?id=308)” [and](http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/markets/muslim-brotherhood-backs-free-market) [economic](http://www.salon.com/2012/01/26/the_gop_brotherhood_of_egypt/) [freedom](http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-embraces-business-07072011.html), but they are also smooth political operators. They have repeatedly down-played their popularity to avoid frightening Egypt’s liberals and foreign observers. In fact, knowing that Turkey—not Iran—is the republican system that [many in Egypt](http://www.brookings.edu/%7E/media/Files/rc/reports/2011/1121_arab_public_opinion_telhami/1121_arab_public_opinion.pdf) [want](http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2093090,00.html) to [emulate](http://www.cfr.org/egypt/egypts-military-rule-dilemma/p26565), the Brotherhood ran a campaign claiming that their party was the [Turkish model](http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0207_egypt_turkey_taspinar.aspx). [It’s](http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,800338,00.html) [not](http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2012/Jan-17/160089-there-is-no-turkish-model-for-egypt.ashx#axzz1l5HU7Qy6). [Al-Wasat](http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/category/political-parties), a Turkish-style Brotherhood-offshoot, is “the most moderate on the Islamist spectrum,” observes my friend and former colleague Omar Hossino, who studies Egypt and hails from Syria. Al-Wasat got 2% (9 seats) of the vote. So, what’s next? Despite the gathering clouds of conservatism, shifting alliances within Egypt will broaden the culture of political debate. In this respect, contrary to [received opinion](http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/02/10/administration-corrects-dni-clapper-claim-muslim-brotherhood-secular/), the Brotherhood loathes what it considers the destructive excesses of individualism and the oppressive forces of secularism. Post-modern political correctness [should not inhibit](http://www.meforum.org/1680/can-there-be-an-islamic-democracy) us from addressing that thorny issue. It matters tremendously. Alongside the military the winners in Egypt’s parliament will help write the country’s new constitution. To pass it needs a two-thirds vote in parliament, which the FJP could have if it formed a coalition with al-Nour. Recently, however, the ultra-conservative Salafis who vilify secularism [have reached out](http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article563252.ece) to liberal parties to form a minority coalition against what they see as the Brotherhood’s [near monopoly](http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/article/In-Egypt-ultra-Islamists-make-election-debut-2297973.php) on power. As academics Philpott, Shah, and Toft argue [here](http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/0811/The-dangers-of-secularism-in-the-Middle-East): > The choice facing Arab Spring nations at this point isn’t one between religion and secular government. It’s a choice between democracy that includes all parties — religious and secular—and a regime that imposes a rigid and exclusive secularism. That distinction is important. In his in-depth historical survey, *[The Society of the Muslim Brothers](http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/Islam/?view=usa&ci=9780195084375)*, the late academic Richard P. Mitchell writes that although early adherents to the Brotherhood believed their ruler must be “knowledgeable in Muslim jurisprudence, just, pious, and virtuous,” they also believed that “‘The nation,’ ‘the people’, in fact, are the source of all the ruler’s authority: ‘The nation alone is the source of power; bowing to its will is a religious obligation.” If, in fact, Egypt’s Islamists believe in the “social contract,” in which rulers are the chosen agents of the people, the concern among many in the West that Egypt’s Islamists are inherently incompatible with democracy misses the point. Democracy in an Egyptian context will undoubtedly produce something different; for religious movements like the Brotherhood their primary political focus *is* the maintenance of Islam. After generations of being oppressed under secular tyrannies, the Brotherhood’s strong defense of Islam through civic activism has resonated with the majority of Egyptians. Egypt’s revolution is still a work in progress, and thus far, it has not been pretty. A Muslim reformation could be the wave of the future. But while austere interpretations of Islamist doctrine are [at odds](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alaa-al-aswany/what-do-we-expect-from-th_b_1245072.html) with Western liberal democratic principles, such [contradictions](http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/02/poll-shows-egyptians-in-favor-of-democracy-and-stoning-for-adultery.html) are precisely what Egyptians must sort out. [Breathing](http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/us-egypt-usa-idUSTRE80T1BD20120130) [down](http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1061/eg1.htm) [their](http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-sent-back-u-request-lift-travel-ban-222012598.html) [collective](http://www.euronews.net/2011/12/30/egyptian-raids-on-ngo-offices-spark-outrage/) [neck](http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/us-egypt-usa-idUSTRE80T1BD20120130) and attempting to shape their political destiny [harms their ability](http://bloggingheads.tv/videos/3055) to resolve such incompatibilities on their own terms. As I [wrote](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00396338.2011.621632) a while back, admittedly on a slightly different topic: > Western policymakers, in their attempt to export liberal democracy, also run the risk of establishing a frame of social and political expectation and thereby making the dynamics most necessary for social change inflexible and ethnocentric. Because foreign-led efforts implicitly deprive local people of their ability to deal with social conflicts on their own, there is an argument to be made that societies grow more attached to that which they have sacrificed through arduous struggle. [*Cross-posted from the Skeptics at the* National Interest.](http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/egypt%E2%80%99s-arab-spring-one-year-later-6445) ##### Related Tags [Defense and Foreign Policy](https://www.cato.org/defense-foreign-policy) [![Creative Commons License](/build/cato_2020/images/creative-commons.svg)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).