Domestic
6. Tim Kane, "Global U.S. Troop Deployment,
direction. There is little reason to believe that the
19502003," report of the Heritage Center for Data
domestic political forces that have constrained
sentiments in
Analysis, Heritage Foundation, October 27, 2004,
Japanese national security policy for decades
http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurit
Japan suggest
y/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cf
would collapse and be superseded by rampant
m&PageID=71126.
that the use of
imperialism of the kind that was practiced in the
1930s. To the contrary, domestic sentiments in
Japanese military
7. International Institute for Strategic Studies
Japan suggest that the use of Japanese military
(IISS), The Military Balance, 19891990 (London:
power will be
Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 26.
power will be restricted to the resolution of spe-
cific crises that threaten vital Japanese interests.
restricted to the
8. U.S. Department of Defense, "Active Duty
The Japanese inclination to play a global
Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area
resolution of
role commensurate with Japan's political and
and by Country (309A)"; and IISS, The Military
specific crises
Balance, 20052006 (London: Oxford University
economic power may grow, irrespective of a
Press, October 2005), p. 33.
formal and coordinated effort to reshape the
that threaten
alliance. In the near term, however, Japan will
9. The Constitution of Japan, Chapter II,
vital Japanese
be focused on regional security threats, where
Renunciation of War, Article 9, available at http:
interests.
//www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c01.html#2.
its power and influence are likely to be deci-
On the constitution as an imposition of American
sive. Therefore, the creation of a new strategic
occupation authorities, see John W. Dower, Embrac-
partnership between the United States and
ing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York:
Japan that is far less burdensome and risky
New Press, 1999), pp. 8283.
for Americans could provide an effective
10. J. Patrick Boyd and Richard J. Samuels, Nine Lives:
framework for addressing regional security
The Politics of Constitutional Reform in Japan, Policy
challenges in East Asia well into the future.
Studies no. 19 (Washington: East-East Center, 2005),
pp. 8, 9.
Notes
11. Don Oberdorfer, The Changing Context of U.S.-
Japan Relations (New York: Japan Society, 1998), p. 37.
1. U.S. Department of Defense, "Active Duty
Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and
12. Rust Deming, "The Changing American
by Country (309A)," December 31, 2005, http://
Government Perspectives on the Missions and
web1.whs.osd.mil/mmid/military/history/hst120
Strategic Focus of the U.S.-Japan Alliance," in The
5.pdf.
Future of America's Alliances in Northeast Asia, ed.
Michael Armacost and Daniel Okimoto (Stanford,
2. Kim poses a potential threat to global security
CA: Asia-Pacific Research Center, 2004), p. 61.
through his ability to sell or barter nuclear
weapons or other technology to nonstate actors.
13. David Pilling, "Japan May Cut Its United
While the United States and other regional pow-
Nations Contribution," Financial Times, January 16,
ers, including nuclear states China and Russia,
2003.
can be expected to deter Kim from launching a
direct attack on any state in East Asia, the
14. The actual amount of Japanese HNS is disput-
prospects for deterring would-be terrorists, who
ed. The Department of Defense takes into account
are not defending a regime or a fixed piece of
the direct and the indirect, or in-kind, expenses
geography, are far less certain.
incurred by the Japanese. For example, if a sewage
treatment system is built for an entire metropoli-
3. Eugene Matthews, "Japan's New Nationalism,"
tan area and the U.S. forces use a percentage of
Foreign Affairs, NovemberDecember 2003.
this facility, the costs for that portion are counted
as part of the Japanese HNS. U.S. Department of
4. For criticism, see, for example, Steven C.
Defense, "Allied Contributions to the Common
Clemons, "Nationalism: Old News or New Worry?"
Defense 2003," chap. 1, http://www.defenselink.
Daily Yomiuri, December 9, 2003; and Richard
mil/pubs/allied_contrib2003/Allied2003_Chap_
Marshall, "Sun Blind," Foreign Affairs, MarchApril
1.html. Using a more conservative estimate of
2004.
actual versus in-kind support, a report by the
Congressional Research Service estimated
5. "Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security
Japanese HNS totaling approximately $2.5 billion.
between Japan and the United States of America,"
The CRS takes only the direct payments from the
January 1960, available at http://www.mofa.go.
government of Japan to the United States into
jp/region/n-america/us/q&a/ref/1.html.
consideration. "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for
22