11. Bellaigue, p. 44.
24. Quoted in Kux, p. 268. The quotes are taken
from a State Department memorandum and
12. Hugh Clifton, "Coverage Varies on Scope of
talking points for Secretary Shultz's meeting with
Anti-US Sentiment in Pakistan," PR Week,
Zia that Kux obtained through the Freedom of
October 29, 2001, p. 14.
Information Act.
13. "The Saving of Pakistan?" The Economist,
25. See ibid. Other interesting analyses include Diego
Cordovez and Selig Harrison, Out of Afghanistan (New
January 19, 2002, p. 11.
York: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Paula R.
14. Paul Leventhal, "Cut Off Aid to Pakistan,"
Newberg, Double Betrayal, Repression and Insurgency in
Washington Post, October 8, 1990; R. Jeffrey Smith,
Kashmir (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for
"Administration Unable to Win Support for
International Peace, 1995).
Continued Aid to Pakistan," Washington Post,
October 10, 1990; and Robin Wright and William
26. See Michael Kaufman, "Body of Second
Orme, "Bush Vows $900 Million for Pakistan," Los
American Is Found in Islamabad Embassy," New
Angeles Times, November 11, 2001, p. 1. For more
York Times, November 23, 1979.
details, see Barbara Leitch LePoer, "Pakistan-U.S.
Relations," CRS Issue Brief, IB94041, updated
27. That was certainly the impression given by for-
mer CIA director Robert Gates in his book, From
November 1, 2001.
the Shadows (New York: Simon and Schuster,
15. Evelyn Iritani, "Aid Plan May Displease
1996). See also Bernard Weinraub, "Zia Says U.S.-
Pakistan," Los Angeles Times,November 10, 2001, p. 1.
Pakistani Ties Based on Strategic Concerns,"
Washington Post, December 3, 1982.
16. "Remarks by Pakistani President Pervez
Musharraf to the Pakistani People," Major Leader
28. Most of this paper's account of the coopera-
Special Transcripts, Federal News Service,
tion between Pakistan and the United States in
September 19, 2001.
the struggle against the Soviets in Afghanistan is
based on Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil
17. "Pakistan and the United States: Caught in
and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven,
the Middle," The Economist, September 22, 2001.
Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000).
18. Pakistan`s interior minister Moinuddin
29. Terrence Smith, "Carter Embargoes Technology
Haidar, quoted in Jamal Halaby, "Pakistan-U.S.
for Soviets and Curtails Fishing and Grain," New
Relations Had Their Ups and Downs, But
York Times, January 5, 1980; Stuart Auerbach,
Washington Had Learned from Past Mistakes,
"Pakistan Is Reluctant to Accept Limited U.S. Arms
Interior Minister Says," Associated Press,
Pledge," Washington Post, January 6, 1980; and
November 22, 2001.
William Branigan, "Pakistan Seeks Billions in U.S.
Aid, Washington Post, January 23, 1980.
19. Stephen Kinzer, "The World Takes Notice:
Kashmir Gets Scarier," New York Times, June 29, 1999.
30. Those two crises are analyzed in Richard Ned
Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, We All Lost the Cold War
20. Constable, "Attacks on US Drive Pakistan to a
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Crossroads."
31. See, in addition to Rashid, Steve Coll, "The
21. On postSeptember 11 revelations of links
Anatomy of Victory: CIA's Overt War in
between Balkan Muslims and bin Laden, see Ian
Afghanistan," Washington Post, July 20, 1992.
Fisher, "Al-Qaeda Suspect's Bosnian Wife Says
He's No Terrorist," New York Times, January 28,
32. Kux, p. 282.
2002; Nikolaos A. Stavrou, "Balkan Branches of
the Terror Network," Washington Times, October
33. See Rashid, who provides an overview of the
21, 2001; and Maria Christoff Kurop,"Al Qaeda's
relationship between Pakistan, the Taliban, and
Balkan Links," Wall Street Journal, Europe,
bin Laden.
November 1, 2001.
34. "The War on Terror, Exchange between
22. For a historical analysis of Horthy's strategy,
Robert Kaplan and Robert Wright," Slate.com,
see Ian Kershaw, Hitler (193645): Nemesis (New
posted January 16, 2002, slate.msn.com/?id=
York: W. W. Norton, 2000), pp. 73435.
2060741&entry=2060748&device=.
23. Thomas L. Friedman, "Pakistan's
35. Barbara Crossette, "Kabul Falls to Islamic
Constitution Avenue," New York Times, January
Militias; Afghans Accuse Pakistan," New York
20, 2002, p. WK13.
Times, September 27, 1996.
20