York. See http://www. cubatrade.org/foreign.html.
joined by Castro. See Kevin Sullivan, "Vets Return
to Bay of Pigs to Remember, Reconcile,"
40. Canada, Department of Foreign Trade and
Washington Post, March 25, 2001, p. A22.
International Trade, Cuba: A Guide for Canadian
Businesses, Ottawa, June 1999.
27. Sergio G. Roca, "The Comandante in His
Economic Labyrinth," in Conflict and Change in
41. The full legal framework governing foreign
Cuba, ed. Enrique Baloyra and James Morris
investment is set out in Law 77 promulgated on
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,
September 5, 1995.
1993), p. 88.
42. U.S. Interests Section, Press and Culture Office,
28. Evelio Vilarino Ruíz, Cuba: Socialist Economic
Havana, "Cuba: Country Information," Cuba
Reform and Modernization (Havana: Editorial José
Update, April 2001. For a masterly dissection of the
Martí, 1998), p. 164.
Helms-Burton legislation, see Joaquin Roy, Cuba,
29. The Cuba section of Central Intelligence
the United States and the Helms-Burton Doctrine:
International Reactions (Gainesville: University of
Agency, The World Factbook (Washington: CIA,
Florida Press, 2000).
2000) also uses these figures.
43. This section draws on an interview with Miguel
30. Raúl Valdés Vivó, foreword to Vilarino Ruíz,
Alejandro Figueras, adviser to the minister of
Cuba, pp. 1415.
tourism. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, the interna-
tional consultancy group, has prepared a strategic
31. Huddleston.
plan for the development of Cuban tourism.
32. The following sections draw on conversations
with such officials as Maria de la Luz B'Hamel,
44. Defense Intelligence Agency, "The Cuban
Ministry of Foreign Trade; Ernesto Sentí Darias,
Threat to U.S. National Security," prepared in
first vice minister, Ministry of Foreign Investment
coordination with the Central Intelligence
and Economic Cooperation; and Enrique
Agency, the Department of State's Bureau of
Martínez Ovide, vice minister of the economy.
Intelligence and Research, the National Security
Agency, and the U.S. Southern Command Joint
33. See Valdés Vivó, foreword, p. 17. Vilarino Ruíz is
Intelligence Center. There are still occasional
one of the few Cuban economists who see (or
reports of alleged Cuban involvement of some
admit) that "the Chinese and Vietnamese experi-
sort with guerrillas abroad. See Gonzalo Guillen,
ences have become references by which to access
"Apresan a guerrillero cubano en Colombia," El
our own initiatives" (p. 102). In particular, see his
Nuevo Herald, June 5, 2001.
description of the socialist market system being
45. U.S. Department of State, Patterns of Global
developed in China, Vietnam, and Cuba, the latter,
Terrorism 2000, April 2001, http://www.state.gov/
we would add, in its very earliest stages (pp. 7578).
s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/index.cfm?docid=2441. See
34. Comparative figures for Caribbean growth are
also Defense Intelligence Agency, The Cuban Threat
available in International Monetary Fund, World
to U.S. National Security, May 1998, discussed in
Economic Outlook (Washington: IMF, 2000), pp. 2078.
Ratliff and Fontaine, pp. 3035.
35. Foreign technology, especially from Israel, has
46. "Conducta heroica en las entrañas del mon-
been particularly helpful in the agricultural sector.
struo," Digital Granma Internacional, June 20, 2001,
pp. 2021.
36. Ernesto Sentí Darias, first vice minister, inter-
view with author.
47. Anita Snow, "Castro Criticizes Latin Nations,"
Washington Post, April 26, 2001; Anita Snow,
37. See Anita Snow, "Cuba Creeping toward Economic
"Castro Mocks Americas' Trade Plan," Washington
Recovery," Miami Herald, January 11, 2001; and Carlos
Post, May 1, 2001; and personal observations on
Batista, "Mejora la economía de la isla, pero no para el
May Day in Cuba.
pueblo," El Nuevo Herald, November 26, 1999.
48. Michele Barry, "Effect of the US Embargo and
38. Juan Antonio Rodríguez Menier, Inside the
Economic Decline on Health Care in Cuba,"
Cuban Interior Ministry, ed. William Ratliff (Wash-
Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 2 (January 18,
ington: Jamestown Foundation, 1994), p. 61.
2000): 15154; and Myriam Marquez, "Bad Joke:
Health Care in Cuba," Orlando Sentinel, September
39. These figures are derived from Cuban sources
29, 2000.
but are confirmed by the State Department and
the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, New
49. This section is based on a visit to the Finlay
20