15. Human Rights Watch, Cuba's Repressive Machinery:
of them as showing "a degree of American hubris
Human Rights Forty Years after the Revolution (New York:
and arrogance that may not, at the end of the day,
Human Rights Watch, 1999), http://www.hrw. org/
serve our interests all that well." Quoted in Robin
hrw/reports/1999/cuba; and Amnesty International,
Wright, "Powell Intends to Curb Use of
Report 2001, http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.
Sanctions," Los Angeles Times, January 22, 2001.
nsf/webamrcountries/CUBA?OpenDocument.
On the Senate bill, see S. 894, Cuba Solidarity Act
of 2001. See also Christopher Marquis, "Helms
16. American and European officials calculate that
and Lieberman Seek to Aid Dissidents in Cuba,"
some one-third of the paladares have been closed by
New York Times, May 16, 2001, p. A14.
ministerial order over the past two years. The own-
ers of such establishments to whom we spoke con-
5. Quoted in Anthony DePalma, "Quebec
firmed that they live in constant apprehension of
Summit Gives Bush Forum to Push Free Trade,"
being taxed out of existence or simply closed down
New York Times, April 20, 2001, p. A1.
for some arbitrary violation of the law.
6. Colin L. Powell, Senate Confirmation Hearing,
17. Quoted in Ron Howell, "Ordinary Cubans
January 17, 2001, http://www.state.gov/secretary/
Feel the Lure of Capitalist Dollars," Miami Herald,
index.cfm?docid=443.
April 29, 2001.
7. Craig Johnstone, January 17, 2001, http://
18. Ibid.
www.uschamber.org/Press+Room/2001+Releases
/January+2001/01-11.html.
19. Further details on the endless search for ways
to make ends meet may be found in David
8. An active discussion is under way elsewhere on
Gonzalez, "In Castro's Changing World, Clashing
this topic. See a draft UN paper at http://www.
Voices," New York Times, May 30, 2001, p. A4.
globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/gensanc/2001/
0202chg.htm. For a useful analysis of U.S. sanc-
20. J. A. Fornaris, "Censo de población crea temor
tions policy, see Richard N. Haass and Meghan L.
en La Habana Vieja," El Nuevo Herald, May 29,
O'Sullivan, Honey and Vinegar (Washington:
2001.
Brookings Institution, 2000).
21. "The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions with
9. See William Ratliff and Roger Fontaine, A Strategic
Respect to Cuba," U.S. International Trade
Flip-Flop in the Caribbean: Lift the Embargo on Cuba
Commission, Publication 3398, February 2001,
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 2000); and
pp. xiiixiv. This study, notably chap. 3, also con-
Philip Peters, "A Policy toward Cuba That Serves U.S.
tains much useful sectoral data on the Cuban
Interests," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 384,
economy.
November 2, 2000.
22. Ibid.
10. Hugh Thomas, The Cuban Revolution (New
York: Harper Torchbooks, 1977), p. 713.
23. In diplomatic circles in Cuba there is an active
debate about whether removal of the embargo is
11. Stefan Halper, "Winds of Change across
really a priority target of Cuban leaders. Many
Cuba," Washington Times, October 10, 2000, p. A16.
observers believe that, despite lip service to
removal, the top Cuban leadership is content to
12. "El gran `problema,'" editorial, Encuentro en la
see the embargo continue as a convenient scape-
Red, May 30, 2001. Encuentro en la Red is the Internet
goat for its own inadequate policies.
arm of Encuentro de la Cultura Cuba, the most presti-
gious Cuban exile (Madrid) publication.
24. On Title III, see Mark Groombridge, "Missing
the Target: The Failure of the Helms-Burton Act,"
13. Vicki Huddleston, "U.S.-Cuba Relations after
Cato Trade Briefing Paper no. 12, June 5, 2001,
Elián González," in Press and Culture Office, U.S.
esp. pp. 36. See also "Bush Announces Tighter
Interest Section, Havana, Cuba Update, April 2001.
Line on Cuba," Associated Press, July 13, 2001;
See also Steven Gutkin, "Castro Praises Colin
and Tim Johnson and Nancy San Martin, "Bush:
Powell," Washington Post, May 12, 2001.
Ban on Cuba Lawsuits Remains," Miami Herald,
July 17, 2001.
14. On the question of Internet access, see Taylor C.
Boas, "The Dictator's Dilemma: The Internet and U.S.
25. Ricardo Alarcón, interview with author,
Policy toward Cuba," Washington Quarterly 23, no. 3
February 26, 2001.
(Summer 2000): 5767. On May 3, 2001, the
Committee to Protect Journalists named Castro one
26. A recent dramatic example was the March 24,
of the world's top 10 enemies of a free press, the fifth
2001, reunion of Bay of Pigs adversaries that was
time Castro has made that list. See http://www.cpj.org.
19