if it weans itself from mother America." Thus, he
32. Steven Erlanger, "Europeans Say Bush's
does not regard negatively the prospect of U.S.
Pledge to Pull Out of Balkans Could Split
withdrawal from the Balkans because "this could
NATO," New York Times, October 25, 2000.
help Europe face its own responsibilities."
33. Lawrence S. Kaplan, "After Forty Years:
Quoted in Steven Erlanger, "A Higher Threshold
Reflections on NATO as a Research Field," in
for U.S. Intervention Means Adjustments
NATO: The Founding of the Atlantic Alliance and the
Abroad," New York Times, December 18, 2000,
Integration of Europe, ed. Francis H. Heller and John
online edition.
R. Gillingham (New York, St. Martin's, 1992), p. 16.
42. There is, indeed, evidence that the kinds of
military skills required for peacekeeping are
34. John Lamberton Harper, American Visions of
sharply different from those needed for high-
Europe: Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan, and
intensity combat, and that troops committed to
Dean C. Acheson (Cambridge: Cambridge
the former lose their effectiveness for the latter
University Press, 1994), p. 341.
mission. Paul Richter, "Kosovo Report Supports
35. For discussion of why, even in unipolar inter-
Calls for Separate Army Peacekeeping Force," Los
national systems, counterbalances form against
Angeles Times, September 22, 2000, online edition.
hegemons, see Christopher Layne, "The Unipolar
Illusion: Why New Great Powers Will Rise,"
43. For example, see Ronald D. Asmus, "Double
International Security 17, no. 4 (Spring 1993): 551.
Enlargement:
Redefining
the
Atlantic
Partnership after the Cold War," in America and
36. As University of Munich political scientist
Europe: A Partnership for a New Era, ed. David
Ulrich Beck put it, "Kosovo could be our military
Gompert and F. Stephen Larrabee (Cambridge:
euro, creating a political and defense identity for
Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald D.
the European Union in the same way as the euro
Asmus, Richard L. Kugler, and F. Stephen
is the expression of economic and financial inte-
Larrabee, "Building a New NATO," Foreign Affairs
gration." Quoted in Roger Cohen, "In Uniting
72, no. 4 (SeptemberOctober 1993): 2840; and
over Kosovo, A New Sense of Identity," New York
Richard G. Lugar, "NATO: Out of Area or Out of
Times, April 28, 1999, p. A11.
Business: A Call for U.S. Leadership to Revive the
Alliance," Press Office of U.S. Senator for Indiana,
37. Quoted in Craig R. Whitney, "France Presses
Richard G. Lugar, June 24, 1993.
for a Power Independent of the U.S.," New York
Times, November 7, 1999, p. A5.
44. This certainly must be true of National
Security Adviser Rice. As European critics of her
38. See Craig R. Whitney, "Hey, Allies, Follow Me.
"division of labor" proposal noted, the implica-
I've Got All the New Toys," New York Times, May
tions of her plan went well beyond the superficial
30, 1999, online edition; Roger Cohen,
issue of burden sharing and raised fundamental
"Dependent on U.S. Now, Europe Vows Defense
issues that cut to the heart of NATO's raison
Push," New York Times, May 12, 1999, online edi-
d'être. It strains credulity that someone with
tion; and John-Thor Dahlburg, "Battle for Kosovo
Rice's experience as a policymaker was unaware
Shows Europe Still Needs U.S.," Los Angeles Times,
that, in this respect, her comments were opening
April 20, 1999, online edition.
a transatlantic Pandora's box.
39. Henry A. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston:
45. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Letter to E. J.
Little, Brown, 1982), p. 131. Kissinger first made
Birmingham, in The Papers of Dwight David
this point in a 1965 book on transatlantic rela-
Eisenhower, ed. Louis Galambos, vol. 12, NATO and
tions, where he argued explicitly that a united
the Campaign of 1952 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Europe would "challenge American hegemony in
University Press, 1989), pp. 7677. For an exceed-
Atlantic policy." Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled
ingly thoughtful and well-research discussion of
Partnership: A Re-Appraisal of the Atlantic Alliance
the Eisenhower-Dulles approach to the U.S. mili-
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), p. 40.
tary commitment to Europe, see Marc
Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the
40. John Mearsheimer, "The Future of America's
European Settlement, 19451963 (Princeton, N.J.:
Continental Commitment," in No End to Alliance--
Princeton University Press, 1999). Trachtenberg
The United States and Western Europe: Past, Present
argues that the Eisenhower-Dulles "exit strategy"
and Future, ed. Geir Lundestad (New York: St.
was to create militarily self-sufficient power cen-
Martin's, 1998), pp. 22144.
ters in Western Europe and to devolve to them
full responsibility for the Continent's defense. In
41. As Lucio Caracciolo, editor of the Italian for-
this way, they hoped to lift the economic burden
eign policy journal Limes noted, "The only way
of maintaining U.S. conventional forces in
Europe will ever develop its own security policy is
Europe and to extricate the United States from
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