ernment or the EU.
and Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, "Chirac Angers
Blair by Backing EU Army," Daily Telegraph,
9. Quoted in Anton La Guardia, "America Tries to
December 8, 2000; Anton La Guardia and
Stop EU Going It Alone on Defence," Daily
Michael Smith, "France Snubs America over
Telegraph, December 16, 2000.
European Army," Daily Telegraph, December 7,
2000; and Ambrose Evans-Pritchard and Michael
10. Quoted in Douglas Hamilton and Charles
Smith, "EU Force `Will be Independent from
Aldinger, "EU Force Could Spell NATO's End,
NATO,'" Daily Telegraph, December 1, 2000.
Cohen Says," Washington Post, December 6, 2000.
See also Anton La Guardia, "Euro Army Is a
6. Claims that the RRF would be independent
Threat to NATO," Daily Telegraph, December 6,
from NATO triggered a mini political crisis in
2000; Alexander Nicol, "U.S. Warns EU on
Britain. The Conservative Party's "Euro-sceptic"
Military Plans," Financial Times, December 5,
wing seized upon those reports to denounce the
2000; and "Cohen Warns Europe That NATO
Blair government for weakening NATO, and for
Could Become `Relic,'" International Herald
harboring a secret agenda to incorporate Britain
Tribune, December 6, 2000.
into the European "superstate" into which the EU
allegedly is in the process of transforming itself. See
11. Robert Fox, "US to Pull Out of NATO if EU
George Jones, "Counter-Attack over Euro Force,"
Force Goes Ahead," Sunday Telegraph, October 29,
Daily Telegraph, November 25, 2000; John Keegan,
2000.
"Blair Snared by Rapid Reaction to Europe," Daily
Telegraph, November 25, 2000; Andy McSmith,
12. Quoted in Matthew Campbell and Stephen
"Defence Chief Is under Fire over European Force,"
Grey, "Bush Aides Launch Assault on Euro
Daily Telegraph, November 24, 2000; and Andy
Army," Sunday Times, December 17, 2000.
McSmith, "Blair Renounces His Thatcher
Inheritance," Daily Telegraph, November 23, 2000.
13. Michael R. Gordon, "The 2000 Campaign:
For editorial comment and letters hostile to the
The Military; Bush Would Stop U.S.
idea of the RRF as an autonomous European capa-
Peacekeeping in Balkan Fights," New York Times,
bility, see "America's Timely Warning," Daily
October 20, 2000, p. A1.
Telegraph, December 7, 2000; "Out of Control,"
Daily Telegraph, November 30, 2000; "The Wrong
14. Gen. Jean-Pierre Kelche, chief of the French
Battle," Sunday Times, November 26, 2000;
Defense Staff, has suggested that the RRF would
"Phantom Army," Times (London), November 21,
be capable of assuming full responsibility for the
2000. Sir David Hannay, "Should the EU Take on
peacekeeping operation in Bosnia. Alexander
the Burden of Defending Europe?" Times
Nicol, "EU Force `Ready for Bosnia Role,'"
(London), November 25, 2000; and Lord
Financial Times, November 30, 2000.
Carrington et al., "Reasons for Fearing the Euro-
Force," Daily Telegraph, November 24, 2000.
15. Geir Lundestad, "Empire" by Integration (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 135.
7. For reports that the French gave way at Nice to
the view that NATO, not the EU, should be the cor-
16. Francois Duchene, Jean Monnet: The First
nerstone of European security, see Keith B.
Statesman of Interdependence (New York: Norton,
Richburg, "European Force to Cooperate with
1994), pp. 18687.
NATO," Washington Post, December 9, 2000; and
Philip Webster, Martin Fletcher, and Michael
17. The literature on this is voluminous. Good
Evans, "Blair Claims Eight-Minute Knockout on
starting points are Francis H. Heller and John R.
Defence," Times (London), December 9, 2000. For
Gillingham, eds., The United States and the
indications that the French, in fact, did not budge
Integration of NATO: Legacies of the Postwar Years
from their stance that the RRF should be an
(New York: St. Martin's, 1996); Michael P. Hogan,
autonomous European capability separate from
The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the
NATO, see Anton La Guardia, "NATO Deadlock
Reconstruction of Western Europe, 19471952
over EU Reaction Force," Daily Telegraph, December
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
15, 2000; Anton La Guardia, "Euro-Force Still
Lawrence S. Kaplan, The United States and NATO:
Cause of Division," Daily Telegraph, December 9,
The Formative Years (Lexington: University Press of
2000; and Alexander Nicol, "Setback for EU's
Kentucky, 1984); Melvyn P. Leffler, A
NATO Links," Financial Times, December 17, 2000.
Preponderance of Power: National Security, the
Truman Administration and the Cold War (Stanford,
8. Robert Locke, "France Fires Fresh Salvo at
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992); and
Britain over Euro Army," Sunday Times, December
Lundestad, "Empire" by Integration.
10, 2000. In making this prediction, Richard
made clear that he was expressing his personal
18. Ibid., p. 40. In a recent speech, thenunder sec-
view and not necessarily that of the French gov-
12