86. See "Russians Balk at Opening Nuclear Sites
edition, September 11, 1998.
to U.S. Eyes," New York Times, November 3, 1999,
p. A12.
73. Alexei Yablokov, cited in a letter from Kay van
der Horst, International Center for Technology
87. Michael R. Gordon, "Russia Curbs U.S. Visit to
Assessment, to members of the European
Site," New York Times, November 4, 1999, p. A5.
Parliament, October 19, 1995. See also "Russia's
`Floating Chernobyls,'" CNN World News, Internet
88. Franklyn Griffiths, "Environment in the U.S.
edition, October 1, 1995.
Security Debate: The Case of the Missing Arctic
Waters," Environmental Change and Security Report,
74. Bellona Foundation, Sources of Radioactive Con-
no. 3 (Spring 1997): 21.
tamination in Murmansk and Arkhangel´sk Counties.
89. Rachel Fleishman, "Environmental Security:
75. For more details, see Don Belt, "An Arctic
Concept and Practice," National Security Studies
Breakthrough," National Geographic, February 1997.
Quarterly 1, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 15.
76. See, for example, Rich Kelly, "The Nunn-
90. Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Wastes
Lugar Act: A Wasteful and Dangerous Illusion,"
Cato Institute Foreign Policy Briefing no. 39,
in the Arctic: An Analysis of Arctic and Other Regional
Impacts from Soviet Nuclear Contamination, OTA-
March 18, 1996.
ENV-623 (Washington: Government Printing
Office, September 1995), p. 17.
77. Telephone conversation with Lt. Cmdr.
Anthony Cooper at the Department of Defense,
91. International Atomic Energy Agency, "The
February 3, 2000.
Annual Report for 1996," GC (41)/8, p. 14.
78. "The Nuclear Environment in North-West
92. A senior Defense Department official declared
Russia," Foreign and Commonwealth Office
in 1996 that "the result of the [three-year study] is,
Background Brief, London, December 1998. In
except for extremely localized areas, you can't even
comparison, the cost of decommissioning a U.S.
tell that the waste has been dumped in the ocean."
nuclear submarine has been put at between $25
Defense Department Background Briefing on
million and $40 million. U.S. General Accounting
Secretary Perry's trip to Europe and Defense
Office, "Nuclear Submarines--Navy Efforts to
Ministerial Meeting, September 17, 1996,
Reduce Inactivation Costs," GAO/NSIAD-92-
http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Sep1996/x0918
134, July 1992, cited in Diakov et al.
96_x0917bkg.html.
79. "United States and Russia Extend Nunn-Lugar
93. William J. Broad, "Nuclear Roulette for Russia:
Cooperative Threat Reduction Agreement," News
Burying Uncontained Waste," New York Times,
release, Office of the Assistant Secretary of
November 21, 1994, p. A1; and David Hoffman,
Defense for Public Affairs, June 24, 1999,
"Wastes of War: Russia's Nuclear Weapons
http://www.defenselink.mil/ news/Jun1999/
Legacy," Washington Post, August 17, 1998, p. A1.
b06241999_bt307-99.html.
94. Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear
80. "The Nuclear Environment in North-West
Wastes in the Arctic, p. 8; and Gizewski, "Military
Russia," p. 8.
Activity and Environmental Security," pp. 3132.
81. J. Michael Waller, "Loving the Russian Bomb,"
Waste totaling 1.1 billion curies was injected
Insight on the News, December 6, 1999.
underground at Tomsk alone. Alexander
Yemelyanenkov and Vladimir Popov, "Radio-
82. U.S. Department of Energy, "Audit Report on
active Contamination Knows No Bounds,"
Nuclear Material Protection, Control and
Moscow News, April 14, 1995, p. 14.
Accounting Program," DOE/IG-0452, 1999, p. 3.
95. "U.S. Devotes More Resources to Its Waste
See also Bradley Graham, "Weaknesses Found in
Cleanup," Washington Post, August 17, 1998.
Nuclear Safeguards," Washington Post, September
25, 1999, p. A11.
96. Amazingly, in a bid for cash, the Russian gov-
83. Phil Reeves, "Nuclear Whistle-Blower Goes on
ernment is considering plans to reprocess foreign
Trial," The Independent, October 20, 1998, p. 15.
nuclear waste at Mayak despite its existing toxic
problems. Sergei Blagov, "Russians Voice Alarm
84. Rupert Cornwell, "The Most Dangerous Place
over Nuclear Waste Dumping," Inter Press
on the Planet," The Independent, October 20, 1998,
Service, November 21, 1999.
p. 15.
97. Judith Miller, "Bombs-to-Plowshares Program
85. Bellona Foundation, Current Status, February 1999.
Criticized," New York Times, February 22, 1999, p. A8.
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