the notion of diverting military resources to the
azannye s zakhoroneniem radioaktivnykh otkhodov v
environment because doing so was unrealistic
moriakh, omyvaiushchikh territoriiu Rossiiskoi
and "not an effective or efficient way to conduct
Federatsii : materialy doklada Praviatel´stvennoi komis-
policy." Gore, p. 68.
sii po voproszm, sviazannym s zakhoroneniem v more
radioaktivnykhk otkhodov, no. 613-rp, October 24,
1992 (Moscow: Administration of the President
50. Directorate of Intelligence Organizational
of the Russian Federation, 1993).
Components: DCI Environmental Center,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/di/mission/dec.html.
65. See Lassi Heininen, "Environment and
51. For a summary of the literature on environ-
Military Strategy in Northern Waters," in
mental modification as a form of war, see Lorraine
Perspectives on Environmental Conflict and Inter-
Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment
national Politics, ed. Jyrki Käkönen (London: Pinter
(London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 23234.
Publishers, 1992); Peter Gizewski, "Military
Activity and Environmental Security: The Case of
52. Quoted in Steven Greenhouse, "The Greening
Radioactivity in the Arctic," in Environmental
of U.S. Diplomacy: Focus on Ecology," New York
Security and Quality after Communism: Eastern
Times, October 9, 1995, p. A6.
Europe and the Soviet Successor States, ed. Joan
DeBardeleben and John Hannigan (Boulder,
53. Deibert, "From Deep Black to Green?" p. 31.
Colo.: Westview, 1995); and Mike Edwards,
"Lethal Legacy," National Geographic, August 1994.
54. Deutch, "The Environment on the Intelligence
Agenda."
66. International Center for Technology Assess-
ment, On the Threat of Nuclear Submarine Operations to
55. Ronald Deibert, "Out of Focus: U.S. Military
Global Security and Environmental Safety, Preliminary
Satellites and Environmental Rescue," in Contested
report (Washington: ICTA, 1996), p. 10.
Grounds, p. 281.
67. Cited in Gizewski, "Military Activity and
56. Deibert, "From Deep Black to Green?" p. 31.
Environmental Security," p. 31.
57. The $3.9 billion is for projects on technology
68. Ibid.
(including the Strategic Environmental Research
and Development Program), pollution preven-
69. Bellona Foundation, Sources of Radioactive Contam-
tion, compliance, conservation, cleanup (includ-
ination in Murmansk and Arkhangel´sk Counties,
ing Base Realignment and Closure), and force
Report no. 1, 1994, http://www.bellona.no/e/russia/
protection.
murmark/index.htm, November 21, 1999.
58. Deutch, "The Environment on the Intelligence
70. For a comparison of U.S. and Russian practices
Agenda."
in submarine decommissioning, see Anatoli S.
Diakov et al., Nuclear Powered Submarine Inactivation
59. Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of
and Disposal in the U.S. and Russia: A Comparative
U.S. Intelligence, Report of the Commission on the
Analysis (Moscow: Center for Arms Control, Energy
Roles and Capabilities of the United States
and Environmental Studies at MIPT, October 8,
Intelligence Community (Washington: Govern-
1998), http://www.blue.iris.mipt.ru/subs/disposal/
ment Printing Office, 1996), p. 26.
pro1210.htm.
60. For a summary of EPA's policies on reducing
71. Ibid.
global and regional environmental risk, see Carol
M. Browner, administrator of the Environmental
72. In some cases, submarine reactors nearly suf-
Protection Agency, Statement before the Senate
fered meltdowns when power stations cut off
Committee on Finance, January 28, 1999,
electricity to sub bases because of nonpayment of
http://www.epa.gov/oiamoun/browner.htm.
bills. Troops were dispatched to the power sta-
tions to turn the power back on by force. See
61. National Security Strategy for a New Century,
David Hoffman, "Russian Troops Get Electricity
1998, p. 2.
by Force," Washington Post, September 23, 1995,
p. A22. In another incident indicative of the state
62. Nitze.
of affairs in the Russian navy, a sailor on board an
active (and fortunately nonnuclear) submarine in
63. National Security Strategy for a New Century,
harbor shot and killed eight crew members before
1999, p. 13.
being gunned down by special forces. See
"Russian Troops Kill Gunman Aboard Comman-
64. Alexei V Yablokov et al., Fakty i problemy, svi-
deered Nuclear Sub," CNN World News, Internet
23