GERPE no. 9205 (Quebec: Université Laval,
Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in
1992). Later works include Green Security or
Europe (New York: St. Martin's, 1993).
Militarized Environment?
23. Thomas Homer-Dixon, "Thresholds of Turmoil:
37. Deudney, pp. 46668.
Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict," in
Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New
38. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Politics, ed. Daniel H. Deudney and
Environmental Security: Strengthening National
Richard A. Matthew (Albany: State University of New
Security through Environmental Protection, 160-F-99-
York, 1999), pp. 6190.
001 (Washington: Environmental Protection
Agency, 1999).
24. William J. Perry, Remarks at Harvard University,
May 13, 1996, http://denix.cecer.army.mil/denix/
39. William Nitze, "Environmental Security,"
Public/ES-Programs/Speeches/speech-22.html.
Speech to the World Affairs Council, no place,
January 16, 1997, http://www.epa.gov/oia/
25. Goodman, "The Environment and National
sp8.htm. Emphasis added.
Security."
40. Ibid.
26. Goodman, "Environmental Security in the
Next Millennium."
41. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda
27. Goodman, "The Environment and National
for International Security Studies in the PostCold War
Era, 2d ed. (Hemel Hempsted: Harvester
Security."
Wheatsheaf, 1991). For a good discussion of the
debate over the concept of security, see David
28. Kent Hughes Butts, "The Case for DOD In-
Baldwin, "The Concept of Security," Review of
volvement in Environmental Security," in
International Studies 23, no. 1 (January 1997): 10.
Contested Grounds, p. 111.
29. Ibid., p. 114.
42. This is especially so since war is one of the
greatest contributors to environmental degrada-
30. Goodman, "The Environment and National
tion. For discussion of the environmental effects
Security."
of war, see Arthur H. Westing, ed., Cultural Norms,
War and the Environment (Oxford: Oxford Univer-
31. National Defense University, Institute for
sity Press, 1988).
National Strategic Studies, 1997 Strategic Assessment:
Flashpoints and Force Structure (Washington: National
43. See William Branigin, "Questions on Military
Defense University, Institute for National Strategic
Role Fighting Drugs Ricochet from a Deadly
Studies, 1997), chap. 18.
Shot," Washington Post, June 22, 1997, p. A3.
32. See, for example, Nils Petter Gleditsch, ed.,
44. See Diane Cecilia Weber, "Warrior Cops: The
Conflict and the Environment: Proceedings of the NATO
Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American
Advanced Research Workshop, Bolkesjø, Norway,
Police Departments," Cato Institute Briefing
1116 June 1996 (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1997); and
Paper no. 50, August 26, 1999.
"NATO and the Environment," NATO Basic Fact
45. See Elizabeth Becker, "Pentagon Sets Up New
Sheet no. 23, October 1996, http://www.nato.int/
Center for Waging Cyberwarfare," New York Times,
docu/facts/env.htm.
October 8, 1999, p. A16.
33. John M. Deutch, "The Environment on the
Intelligence Agenda," Speech to the World Affairs
46. See Lenny Siegel, "Overseas Contamination:
Council, Los Angeles, California, July 25, 1996,
An Open Sore in the Pentagon's Improving
http://www.odci.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/
Environmental Record," Environmental Change
archives/1996/dci_speech_072596.html.
and Security Report, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 16.
34. Clinton, State of the Union Address, 1996.
47. Deudney, p. 466.
48. Quoted in Ronald J. Deibert, "From Deep Black
35. Arnold Wolfers, "National Security as an
to Green? Demystifying the Military Monitoring
Ambiguous Symbol," in Discord and Collaboration:
of the Environment," Environmental Change and
Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns
Security Project, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 30.
Hopkins University Press, 1962), p. 150.
36. See Deudney; and Barry Buzan, "Environment
49. "Update--Governmental Activities," Environ-
as a Security Issue," in Geopolitical Perspectives on
mental Change and Security Report, no. 3 (Spring
Environmental Security, ed. Paul Painchaud, Cahier du
1997): 211. Interestingly, Gore had earlier rejected
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