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Nations Special Session on Environment and

we may well find ourselves with more wars,

Development, New York, June 26, 1997, cited in

more wasted money, and less security for all.

"Official  Statements  and  Documents,"

Environmental Change and Security Report, no. 4

(Spring 1998): 73. Emphasis added.

Notes

14. Goodman, "The Environment and National

Security."

1. Stephen Walt, "The Renaissance of Security

Studies," International Studies Quarterly 35, no. 2

15. Quoted in Abraham Haspel, Department of

(June 1991): 212.

Energy Perspective on Environment and Security,

Center for Environmental Security, February 28,

2. Stephen Del Rosso, "The Insecure State: Reflec-

1999, http://ww.pnl.gov/ces/policy/haspel.htm.

tions on `the State' and `Security' in a Changing

World," Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and

16. Alan Hecht, "The Arctic and Environmental

Sciences 124, no. 2 (Spring 1995): 190.

Security," Speech to the World Affairs Councils,

Juneau and Anchorage, Alaska, April 24­25, 1997,

3. Al Gore, "SEI: A Strategic Environment Initia-

http://www.epa.gov/oiamount/sp13.htm.

tive," SAIS Review 10 (Winter­Spring 1990): 60.

17. Warren Christopher "American Diplomacy and

4. Sherri Wasserman Goodman, deputy under secre-

the Global Environmental Challenges of the 21st

tary of defense for environmental security, "The

Century," Address at Stanford University, April 9,

Environment and National Security," Speech to the

1996, http://denix.cecer.army.mil/denix/Public/ES-

National Defense University, August 8, 1996,

Programs/Speeches/speech-22.html.

http://denix.cecer.army.mil/denix/Public/ES-

Programs/Speeches/speech-22.html.

18. Madeleine Albright, Remarks at the National

Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.,

5. Quoted in Kent Hughes Butts, "Why the Mili-

April 21, 1998, quoted in "Official Statements

tary Is Good for the Environment," in Green Security

and Documents," Environmental Change and

or Militarized Environment? ed. Jyrki Käkönen

Security Report, no. 5 (Summer 1999): 83.

(Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth Publishing, 1994), p. 87.

19. John M. Deutch, "Worldwide Threat Assess-

6. William J. Clinton, State of the Union Address,

ment," Brief to the Senate Select Committee on

January 23, 1996, http://www.washingtonpost.com/

Intelligence, February 22, 1996, http://www.odci.gov/

wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou96.htm.

cia/public_affairs/speeches/archives/1996/dci_

speech_022296.htm.

7. A National Security Strategy for a New Century

(Washington: White House, 1998), p. 1.

20. See Sherri W. Goodman, "Environmental Security

in the Next Millennium," Statement before the

8.  William J. Clinton, State of the Union Address,

Subcommittee on Readiness and Management

February 4, 1997, http://www.washingtonpost.com/

Support of the Senate Armed Services Committee,

wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou97.htm.

April 13, 1999, http://denix.cecer.army.mil/denix/

Public/ES-Programs/ES/Congress/ note66.html.

9.  "Memorandum of Understanding among the

Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of

21. See, for example, Günther Baechler et al.,

Energy and the Department of Defense Concerning

Kriegsursache Umweltzerstörung [ Environmental

Cooperation in Environmental Security, July 3, 1996,"

Degradation as a Cause of War], 3 vols. in German

http://denix.cecer.army.mil/denix/Public/ES-

and English (Zurich: Rüegger, 1996); and Jyrki

Programs/ES/FYI/note7.html.

Käkönen, ed., Perspectives on Environmental Conflict

and International Politics (London: Pinter, 1992).

10. Daniel Deudney, "The Case against Linking

Environmental Degradation and National

22. On so-called environmental refugees, see Astri

Security," Millennium 19, no. 3 (Winter 1990): 464.

Suhrke, "Environmental Degradation and

Population Flows," Journal of International Affairs

11. George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language,"

47, no. 2 (Winter 1994): 473­96. On the claimed

in Orwell, A Collection of Essays (New York:

relationship between migration and security, see

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1953), pp. 156­71.

Myron Weiner, "Security, Stability and Inter-

national Migration," International Security 17, no.

12. A National Security Strategy for a New Century

3 (Winter 1992­93): 91­126; Gil Loescher,

(Washington: White House, 1999), p. 3.

"Refugee Movements and International Security,"

Adelphi Paper 268, 1992; and Ole Waever et al.,

13. William J. Clinton, Remarks to the United

21