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strife and insurgency.2 3 He concludes that evi-

achieve environmental security. To further

dence supporting the last two hypotheses is

this goal, the United States has established

much stronger than that supporting the first,

various military-to-military contact programs.

although the results from other academic

As Goodman explained in a major policy

research are more mixed.

speech, "All over the world, American forces

Such clarity is sadly not to be found in the

are sharing the wealth of their environmental

Clinton administration's rhetoric--the exam

-

experience with foreign militaries, showing

ples given earlier are as much as can be ascer-

them by example and instruction how to pro-

tained of the government's view of the link

tect and preserve the air, lands, and waters in

their own countries."2 7 Kent Butts, a U.S.

between the environment and instability.

Instead, the administration has jumped in

Army War College professor, argues that DoD

with two assumptions: first, that there is

is the government agency best placed to coor-

such a link and, second, that something can

dinate overseas environmental programs

and should be done about it.

because of its "vast experience in solving com

-

That is apparent in the "preventive

plex environmental problems domestically

defense strategy," first developed by former

and in developing and industrialized coun-

secretary of defense William Perry, who

tries, [its] unique technical and operational

The Security

capabilities, and [its] global network."28 The

declared that the strategy "creates the condi-

Assistance

tions which support peace, making war less

Security Assistance Program, run by DoD and

likely and deterrence unnecessary."24 En-

the State Department, has enlarged its focus

Program, run by

in recent years to include environmental proj-

vironmental security was supposed to play a

DoD and the

ects in developing countries. Instead of pro-

role in both pillars of this strategy: first,

State Department,

viding assistance in the form of military

developing adequate indications and warn-

equipment only, it now stresses (among other

ings of potential crises and, second, promot-

has enlarged its

things) the role of the military in developing

ing military environmental cooperation that

focus in recent

countries in carrying out environmental pro-

contributes significantly to democracy, trust,

and understanding.25

tection and management. DoD assistance so

years to include

far has included providing African coastal

The latter theme was evident in

environmental

states with patrol boats and aircraft to be used

Goodman's testimony to the Senate in the

projects in devel-

to prevent poaching, training in anti-poaching

spring of 1999. Recalling Secretary Cohen's

methods, and managing a project to train

military maxim of "shape, respond, prepare,"

oping countries.

African militaries to protect and maintain

Goodman outlined the environmental com

-

wildlife habitats and carry out conservation

ponents of this strategy:

activities. Butts believes that the militaries in

developing countries are the best vehicles for

SHAPE the international security

promoting environmental management

environment in ways favorable to

because, in the developing world, "the military

U.S. interests, promoting regional

is frequently a better-organized, better-trained

stability through military-to-mili-

and more technologically sophisticated ele-

tary cooperation.

ment of the government than are other com

-

RESPOND by supporting critical

29

parable organizations."

environment and health require-

ments of military operations.

The Memorandum of Understanding

PREPARE by sustaining access to

between DoD, DoE, and the EPA also calls

land, air and sea for training through

for activities that will "focus on enhancing

responsible management of our

other nations' abilities to identify and man-

installations and training lands.2 6

age environmental threats," and U.S. involve-

ment in the Russian Arctic provides an inter-

esting example that will be used as a case

Cooperation with foreign militaries is con-

study later. Cooperation with foreign mili-

sidered an important part of the efforts to

6