150. EO 12947 (January 23, 1995).
Executive Order 12170, this renewal is distinct
from the emergency renewal of October 1997."
151. EO 12978 (October 21, 1995).
144. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act,
152. Proclamation 6867 (March 1, 1996).
p. 1105. However, Congress also permitted the
president to extend, annually, his authority to exer-
153. EO 13047 (May 22, 1997).
cise certain emergency powers derived from section
5(b) of TWEA, by way of the Foreign Assets
154. EO 13067 (November 3, 1997).
Control Regulations (31 C.F.R § 500, et seq.), the
Transaction Control Regulations (31 C.F.R. § 505),
155. EO 12722 (August 2, 1990); EO 12775
and the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (31
(October 4, 1991); and EO 12808 (May 30, 1992).
C.F.R. § 515). Not surprisingly, such authority has
been faithfully extended annually for more than 20
156. As the Senate Special Committee on
years. See, for example, Presidential Determination
National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency
no. 98-35, 63 Federal Register, 50455 (September 11,
Powers observed, "[T]he institutional checks
1998); Presidential Determination no. 97-32, 62
designed to protect the guarantees of the
Federal Register, 48729 (September 12, 1997); and
Constitution and Bill of Rights are significantly
Presidential Determination no. 96-43, 61 Federal
weakened by the growing tendency to give the
Register, 46529 (August 27, 1996); the first exten-
President grants of extraordinary power without
sion was obtained by President Carter, 43 Federal
provision for effective congressional oversight, or
Register, 40449 (September 8, 1978).
without any limitation upon the duration for
which such awesome powers may be used." Senate
145. 50 U.S.C. §§ 17016.
Special Committee on National Emergencies,
Executive Orders in Times of War, pp. 89.
146. The International Emergency Economic Powers
Act, pp. 11056.
157. Riddick's Senate Procedure, p. 1202.
147. Ibid., p. 1106, note 20.
158. Ibid., p. 48.
148. EO 12865 (September 26, 1993).
159. Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 293 (1926)
(Brandeis, J., dissenting).
149. EO 12934 (October 25, 1994).
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