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After Lincoln,

12 and 13, which give Congress the power to

respects legalized and made valid, to the same

raise and support armies, and to provide and

intent and with the same effect as if they had

however, prior

maintain a navy. Nevertheless, in August 1861,

been issued and done under the previous

practice

Congress again ratified Lincoln's unautho-

express authority and direction of the

Congress of the United States."77

returned--until

rized actions by enacting a statute that

declared all his actions respecting the Army

In his speech to Congress when it convened

the Progressive

and Navy to be "hereby approved and in all

on July 4, 1861, Lincoln expressed his belief

Era, and

Theodore

Table 1

Roosevelt, when

Executive Orders Issued

rule by executive

President

EOs Issued

EO Designations

order exploded.

Abraham Lincoln

3

EO Nos. 1, 1A, 2

Andrew Johnson

5

EO Nos. 3­7

Ulysses Grant

15

EO Nos. 8­20

Rutherford Hayes

0

James Garfield

0

Chester Arthur

3

EO Nos. 21 ­23

Grover Cleveland (1st)

6

EO Nos. 23-1­27-1

Benjamin Harrison

4

EO Nos. 28, 28-1, 28A, 29

Grover Cleveland (2nd)

71

EO Nos. 30­96

William McKinley

51

EO Nos. 97­140

Theodore Roosevelt

1,006

EO Nos. 141­1050

William Taft

698

EO Nos. 1051­1743

Woodrow Wilson

1,791

EO Nos. 1744­3415

Warren Harding

484

EO Nos. 3416­3885

Calvin Coolidge

1253

EO Nos. 3885A­5074

Herbert Hoover

1,004

EO Nos. 5075­6070

Franklin Roosevelt

3,723

EO Nos. 6071­9537

Harry Truman

905

EO Nos. 9538­10431

Dwight Eisenhower

452

EO Nos. 10432­10913

John Kennedy

214

EO Nos. 10914­11217

Lyndon Johnson

324

EO Nos. 11218­11451

Richard Nixon

346

EO Nos. 11452­11797

Gerald Ford

169

EO Nos. 11798­11966

James Carter

320

EO Nos. 11967­12286

Ronald Reagan

381

EO Nos. 12287­12667

George Bush

166

EO Nos. 12668­12833

William Clinton

304

EO Nos. 12834­13137

Sources: This listing is of documents officially denominated "Executive Orders." Data through Dwight

Eisenhower are from Senate Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency

Powers, Executive Orders in Times of War and National Emergency, 93d Cong., 2d sess., 1974,

Committee Print, pp. 40­46. Data from John Kennedy through William Clinton are from the National

Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register. William Clinton's total is current

through August 5, 1999.

No executive orders were numbered, and no systematic filing system was in existence before 1907. In

1907, the State Department began numbering executive orders on file, as well as those received after that

date. After the State Department began numbering these executive orders, others have been discovered and

numbered. Those orders have been given suffixes such as A, B, C, 1/2, and -1. Executive Orders in Times

of War and National Emergency, pp. 27, 38­39.

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