<<  <  >  >>

125. A separate but similarly powerful argu-

ber of "unmet social needs."

ment against the frivolous use of the military is

118. Doug Bandow, "National Service: Utopias

that such deployments degrade the fighting

Revisited," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 190,

capability of combat units--making it less likely

March 15, 1993; and Bandow "The Enduring

that the armed forces could carry out a primary

Panacea." The proceedings of a conference on

war-fighting mission in an emergency. Such

those and related issues were published in

problems are widely apparent. Komarow, p. A1;

Williamson Evers, ed., National Service: Pro & Con

Graham and Pianin, p. A28; and Bradley

(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, 1990). None

Graham, "Army to Shift Bosnia Duties,"

of the international programs commonly cited

Washington Post, April 17, 1998, p. A28.

offers an equivalent model for a universal system

126. James Stokesbury, "The U.S. Army and

in the United States. See Donald Eberly and

Coalition Warfare, 1941­1945," in Against All

Michael Sherraden, eds., The Moral Equivalent of

Enemies: Interpretations of American Military

War? A Study of Non-military Service in Nine Nations

History from Colonial Times to the Present, ed.

(New York: Greenwood, 1990).

Kenneth Hagan and William Roberts (New

119. Gold, Evasions, p. 151.

York: Greenwood, 1986), p. 279.

120. Gary Anderson, "Timely Wake-Up Call for

127. Gold, "Viewpoint," p. B13.

the Military?" Washington Times, September 26,

128. For a discussion of the ongoing internecine

1998, p. C3.

struggle in the Department of Defense over which

121. Doug Bandow, "Unnecessary and Un-

service will become the nation's "key expeditionary

American," Orbis 34, no. 3 (Summer 1990):

force," see Robert Holzer, "U.S. Services Battle for

371­84; and Doug Bandow, "Rejoinder: A Bad

Lead in Expeditionary Missions," Defense News,

Deal, a Flawed Ideal," Orbis (Summer 1990):

November 30­December 6, 1998, p. 8.

392­97.

129. For an explication of this argument for

122. Shepard, p. H-9. See also Doug Bandow,

East Asia, see Doug Bandow, "New Wine in Old

"Military Service Muddle," Washington Times, June

Bottles: The Pentagon's East Asia Security

19, 1998, p. A18.

Strategy Report," Cato Institute Policy Analysis

no. 344, May 18, 1999. For the argument as it

123. Rarely is the appropriateness of conscription

pertains to Europe, see Ted Galen Carpenter,

in wartime debated. Yet it is not obvious that a

Beyond NATO: Staying Out of Europe's Wars

government that lacks the moral authority to call

(Washington: Cato Institute, 1994), pp. 29­43.

forth its people voluntarily in its defense has the

moral legitimacy to force them into uniform. See

130. Said during a conference discussion. No

Doug Bandow, "No Circumstance Can Justify

transcript.

Another Draft," Orange County Register, July 20,

131. Ambler, pp. 106, 345.

1980, p. J7.

Moreover, the United States, at least, has been

132. Doug Bandow, "Draft Registration: The

spared having to choose between national sur-

Politics of Institutional Immortality," Cato

vival and individual freedom. The Civil War

Institute Policy Analysis no. 214, August 15, 1994.

involved the maintenance of political union, not

For more general information, see Doug Bandow,

national independence; the United States had no

"Replace Registration with the Reserve Volunteer

serious interest at stake in World War I (protect-

Force," in The Anthropo Factor in Warfare, pp.

ing the right of Americans to travel through a war

321­60; Doug Bandow, "Draft Registration: It's

zone on armed merchantmen of a belligerent

Time to Repeal Carter's Final Legacy," Cato

power was simply ridiculous); the wars in Korea

Institute Policy Analysis no. 86, May 7, 1987. Even

and Vietnam were over peripheral, not vital, U.S.

during the Cold War, the Reagan administration

interests. Only World War II involved a potential

acknowledged that there were alternatives to reg-

hegemonic threat. The flood of enlistments in the

istration. Military Manpower Task Force, "A

aftermath of Pearl Harbor suggests that

Report to the President on Selective Service

Washington could have pursued a Japan-first

Registration," December 15, 1981.

strategy by relying on volunteers. Moreover, con-

flicts involving mass armies seem less likely in the

133. Quoted in Crawley, p. A1.

future.

134. Good economic times have had a particular-

124. Michael Mandelbaum, "Foreign Policy as

ly dramatic impact on the propensity to enlist of

Social Work," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 1 (Jan-

minority youth. Jonathan Landay, "Fewer Blacks

uary­February 1996): 16­32.

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