Consensus on Military Service: Report of the Atlantic
Notes
Council's Working Group on Military Service (New
York: Pergamon, 1982); and O'Sullivan and
1. Even so, many resisted compulsion, which
Meckler, "The Birth of the Citizen Soldier."
helped turn the requirements into dead letters.
See, for example, John O'Sullivan and Alan
9. An administration task force put out a report
Meckler, "16071783: The Birth of the Citizen
on how to improve the armed services. Military
Soldier," in The Draft and Its Enemies: A
Manpower Task Force, "A Report to the President
Documentary History, ed. John O'Sullivan and Alan
on the Status and Prospects of the All-Volunteer
Meckler (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
Force," White House, Office of the President,
1974), pp. 39; and Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and
October 1982.
Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America 17751865
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), pp. 179212.
10. See Doug Bandow, "The Volunteer Military:
Better Than a Draft," Cato Institute Foreign
2. Jack Franklin Leach, Conscription in the United
Policy Briefing no. 6, January 8, 1991.
States: Historical Background (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle,
1952), p. 12.
11. See, for example, Grant Willis, "Hill Is Warned
that All-Volunteer Force at Crossroads," Air Force
3. The opposition was often violent in both con-
Times, May 17, 1993, p. 3; and Joe West, "Boles:
tending states. See, for example, Iver Bernstein,
Drawdown Discouraging Recruits Service Vitally
The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for
Needs," Air Force Times, May 10, 1993, p. 22.
American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); and
12. George Wilson, "Selective Draft Could Be
Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in
Answer to the Shortfall," Navy Times, December 7,
the Confederacy (New York: Macmillan, 1924).
1998, p. 31.
4. Leon Friedman, "Conscription and the
13. Ross Mackenzie, "What the Military Is Saving:
Constitution: The Original Understanding," in
Whose Values--Ours or Clinton's?" Richmond
The Military Draft: Selected Readings on Conscription,
Times-Dispatch, October 29, 1998, p. A21.
ed. Martin Anderson and Barbara Honegger
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1982),
14. V. H. Krulak, "Time to Revisit the Military
pp. 23196; and Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights
Draft?" San Diego Union-Tribune, July 22, 1998.
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998),
pp. 5359.
15. Jim Cleaver, "Kleaver's Klippins: Here's a
Solution That Might Make Some Sense," Los
5. For more on the history of conscription in
Angeles Sentinel, August 23, 1995.
America, see John Whiteclay Chambers, To Raise
an Army: The Draft Comes to America (New York:
16. Mark Shields, "When in Wartime," Washing-
Free Press, 1987); and Martin Anderson,
ton Post, March 28, 1999, p. A27. Shields actually
Conscription: A Select and Annotated Bibliography
contends that the AVF disappeared when the
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1976).
Air Force issued a "stop-loss" order, temporarily
halting retirement of pilots and aircraft support
6. Citizen Advisory Panel on Military Manpower
personnel during the Kosovo war. But men and
Procurement, Report to the Committee on Armed
women who volunteer know that this a condi-
Services, prepared for the House Committee on
tion of service. The armed forces exercise greater
Armed Services, 90th Cong., 1st sess., 1967, p. 18.
control over the lives of personnel than do pri-
vate companies over their workers, but that fact
7. President's Commission on an All-Volunteer
merely reflects the unique nature of military
Armed Force, The Report of the President's Commis-
service; it does not mean that such service is not
sion on an All-Volunteer Armed Force (Washington,
voluntary.
Government Printing Office, February 1970).
17. Robert Maginnis, "Filling the Ranks," Family
8. See, for example, William Bowman et al., eds.,
Research Council, Military Readiness Project,
The All-Volunteer Force after a Decade: Retrospect
Washington, 1999, p. 15.
and Prospect (Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's,
1986); Robert Fullinwider, ed., Conscripts and
18. Doug Bandow, "National Service: The
Volunteers: Military Requirements, Social Justice, and
Enduring Panacea," Cato Institute Policy Analysis
the All-Volunteer Force (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman &
no. 130, March 22, 1990, p. 27.
Allanheld, 1983); Anderson and Honegger;
Martin Anderson, ed., Registration and the Draft
19. Quoted in Ronald Shafer, "Feeling a Draft?
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, Press,
Lawmakers Raise the Issue of Resuming
1982); Andrew Goodpaster et al., Toward a
30