Lawrence J. Korb's testimony in ibid., pp. 5870.
shows, see Hartung, Hidden Costs of NATO
Expansion. See also Sennott, "America's Muscle."
59. Data on the volume of Pentagon prime con-
tract awards are from U.S. Department of
46. Figures on military R&D expenditures are
Defense, 100 Companies Receiving the Largest Dollar
from Office of the Under Secretary of Defense
Volume, p. 2.
(Comptroller), "National Defense Budget Esti-
mates for FY 1997," March 1997, pp. 8288.
60. Data on Pentagon add-ons for FY96 through
FY98 were provided by Steven Kosiak of the
47. U.S. Department of Defense, "100 Contrac-
Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
tors Receiving the Largest Dollar Volume of
For FY99, see Tim Weiner, "$9 Billion to
Prime Contract Awards for Research, Develop-
Pentagon, with Missile Defense," New York Times,
ment, Test, and Evaluation, Fiscal Year 1998,"
October 16, 1998; and William Greider, "And the
1999, Table 2.
Winner Is . . . The Pentagon," Rolling Stone,
48. U.S. Department of Defense, "SAR Program
December 10, 1998.
Acquisition Cost Summary as of September 30,
61. Charles R. Babcock, "Congress Fattens Defense
1998."
Bill with $4 Billion in Pork," Washington Post,
49. Colin Clark and Robert Holzer, "Pentagon to
August 15, 1998; and Pat Towell, "No Chance for
Combine Theaterwide, THAAD," Defense News,
Nonfat Bill as Special Projects Flourish," CQ
January 18, 1999; and "Pentagon Anti-Missile
Weekly, August 22, 1998.
System Fails Fifth Test in a Row," New York Times,
62. Eric Schmitt, "Joint Chiefs Tell Lawmakers Pet
May 13, 1998.
Projects Impair Defense," New York Times,
50. U.S. Department of Defense, DOT&E FY98
September 30, 1998.
Annual Report (Washington, U.S. Department of
63. "Statement of Sen. John McCain on the Fiscal
Defense, 1999).
Year 1999 Defense Authorization and Appropria-
51. Gordon Adams, The Iron Triangle: The Politics of
tions Conference Reports," October 1, 1998,
Defense Contracting (New York: Council on
www.senate.gov/~mccain/dod99cnf.htm.
Economic Priorities, 1981).
64. Walter Pincus, "Cargo Plane with Strings
52. Lawrence J. Korb, "Merger Mania," Brookings
Attached: Congress Funds and Stations C-130s
Review 14, no. 3 (Summer 1996): 2225.
Unwanted by the Pentagon," Washington Post, July
23, 1998.
53. Bernie Sanders, "Payoffs for Layoffs Have to
Stop," Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1996; and
65. For details on pork-barrel projects pushed by
Patrick J. Sloyan, "Layoff Payoff," Newsday, March
specific members, see Babcock; and Towell.
17, 1995.
66. Pincus; and U.S. General Accounting Office,
54. Patrick J. Sloyan, "Pentagon Waives Ethics Rule:
"Intratheater Airlift: Information on the Air Force's
Allowing New Official to Deal with Ex-Clients,"
C-130 Aircraft," April 21, 1998.
Newsday, December 4, 1994; and William D.
67. For example, Congress has passed provisions
Hartung, "Welfare Kings," Nation, June 19, 1995.
preventing the armed services from reducing U.S.
55. U.S. General Accounting Office, "Defense
nuclear forces below the levels set out in the
Industry: Restructuring Costs Paid, Savings
START I arms reduction treaty. Because Russia
Realized, and Means to Ensure Benefits," 1999.
cannot afford to maintain its forces even at the
lower START II levels, much less the higher START
56. Ibid., p. 2. Emphasis added.
I levels, this policy is a costly case of congressional
micromanagement. As a result, the Navy may be
57. Ann Markusen, "The Foolish, and Costly,
forced to spend billions of dollars on additional
Defense Merger Mania," International Herald
Trident submarines and submarine-launched bal-
Tribune, January 11, 1997.
listic missiles that are not part of its priority spend-
ing plan.
58. For an elaboration of the case for subsidizing
defense mergers, see the testimony of Norman
68. For data on contracts by state and district, see
Augustine and John M. Deutch in DoD Policy on
William D. Hartung, "The Shrinking Military Pork
Defense Industry Mergers, Acquisitions, and Restruc-
Barrel: The Changing Distribution of Pentagon
turing: Hearing before the Oversight and Investigations
Spending, FY 1986 to FY 1996," in The Changing
Subcommittee, Committee on Armed Services, U.S.
Dynamics of U.S. Defense Policy and Budgeting in the
House of Representatives, July 27, 1994, 103d Cong.,
PostCold War Era, ed. Leon V. Sigal (New York:
2d sess. (Washington: Government Printing
Greenwood, forthcoming, 1999).
Office, 1995), pp. 458. For a critique, see
25