152. Flavin and Lenssen, p. 200.
138. Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research
Program, Final Report, January 1997, pp. 4, 2627.
153. American Petroleum Institute, "Alternative
Fuels: Myths and Facts," August 8, 1995, p. 4.
139. Complained Daniel Becker of the Sierra
Club, "Ford's announcement about making cars
154. Andrea Adelson, "Not One of Your Big
for which there is not fuel is a cynical ploy to avoid
Jump-Starts," New York Times, May 7, 1997, p.
violating a law." Quoted in Keith Bradsher, "Ford
C1; Rebecca Blumenstein, "Electric Car Drives
to Raise Output Sharply of Vehicles That Use
Factory Innovations," Wall Street Journal, February
Ethanol," New York Times, June 4, 1997, p. A1.
27, 1997, B1; and Rebecca Blumenstein, "GM to
Put New Batteries in Electric Cars to Increase
140. EIA, Renewable Energy Annual 1997, p. 13.
Per-Charge Driving Range," Wall Street Journal,
141. National Academy of Sciences, Policy
November 10, 1997, p. A13. As of 1996, the
Implications of Greenhouse Warming (Washington:
cumulative private and public investment in
National Academy Press, 1992), p. 342.
electric vehicles was nearly $1 billion, "roughly
equal to half of the National Science
142. Cannon, p. 2. Farm equipment uses diesel
Foundation's entire research budget." Richard
fuel.
de Neufville et al., "The Electric Car Unplugged,"
Technology Review, January 1996, p. 32.
143. Public Law 105-78, 112 Stat. 107 at 502 (1998).
155. Peter Passell, "Economic Scene," New York
144. See, for example, Matthew Wald, "It Burns
Times, August 29, 1996, p. C2.
More Cleanly, but Ethanol Still Raises Air-Quality
Concerns," New York Times, August 3, 1992, p. D1.
156. Quoted in American Petroleum Institute,
"Alternative Fuels," p. 3.
145. Methanol: Fuel of the Future, Hearing before the
Subcommittee on Fossil and Synthetic Fuels, 99th
157. Neufville et al., p. 33.
Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: Government
158. Quoted in Dan Carney, "Once on Fast Track
Printing Office, 1986), pp. 43, 80, 114.
to Future, Electric Cars Take Wrong Turn,"
146. Ibid., pp. 5253; and "Methanol: Alcohol-
Houston Post, December 12, 1993, p. A17.
Based Fuel Has Powerful Ally," Houston Post,
September 17, 1989, p. A-14.
159. Timothy Henderson and Michael Rusin,
Electric Vehicles: Their Technical and Economic Status
147. Charles Imbrecht, Statement, in Alternative
(Washington: American Petroleum Institute,
Automotive Fuels: Hearings before the Subcommittee on
1994), chapter 2.
Energy and Power of the House Committee on Energy
160. Michael McKenna, "Electric Avenue,"
and Commerce, 100th Cong., 1st sess.
National Review, May 29, 1995, p. 38.
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988),
pp. 33646.
161. K. H. Jones and Jonathan Adler, "Time to
148. American Petroleum Institute, "Methanol
Reopen the Clean Air Act: Clearing Away the
Vehicles," GSA Response no. 464, August 23,
Regulatory Smog," Cato Institute Policy Analysis
1991, p. 1. Methanol-flexible vehicles would regis-
no. 233, July 11, 1995, p. 18.
ter 40 percent less fuel economy than vehicles
162. Cited in "Science Panel Knocks Hybrid-
using CARB Phase 2 reformulated gasoline.
Electric Cars," Oil Daily, April 20, 1998, p. 1.
149. Matthew Trask, "Methanol Power
163. Internationally, "operating experience with
Experiment Called a Failure," California Energy
cars using [compressed natural gas] is fairly exten-
Markets, December 23, 1993, p. 2.
sive, going back to the 1920s in Italy." Robert
150. CEC, California Oxygenate Outlook (Sacramento:
Saunders and Rene Moreno, "Natural Gas as a
CEC, 1993), pp. 19, 65; and CEC, The California
Transportation Fuel," in Natural Gas: Its Role and
Energy Plan 1997 (Sacramento: CEC, 1998), pp.
Potential in Economic Development, ed. Walter
1819, 3233. The CEC's first step in abandon-
Vergara (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990), p. 251.
ing methanol was to state in a December 1995
164. Reported one leading company in the effort:
study that natural gas was overtaking methanol
"[Natural gas vehicle conversions in the 1970s]
as the alternate fuel of choice in California and
died due to . . . oil carry over into the fuel systems
elsewhere in the country.
and the difficulties of trying to get a mechanical-
ly ignitioned carbureted engine to run on dual
151. Cannon, p. 3-4.
fuels acceptably." Eric Heim, "Pacific Gas &
47