57. American Petroleum Institute, Petroleum
44. American Automobile Manufacturers
Industry Environmental Performance, 6th Annual
Association, "Super Clean Cars Are Coming to
Report (Washington: API, 1998), pp. 34, 37; and
Houston," Press release, April 28, 1998; and
Environmental Protection Agency, Understanding
Traci Watson and James Healey, "Clean Cars
Oil Spills and Response (Washington: EPA, 1993).
Out Sooner, Say Big 3," USA Today, February 5,
1998, p. 1A.
58. Steering Committee Report, Recommendations
on the Implementation of PIRO, January 5, 1990.
45. Kevin Cleary, staff engineer, Fuels Section,
California Air Resources Board, communication
59. Robert Aldag, president, Marine Preservation
with the author, March 4, 1999.
Association, conversation with the author,
October 8, 1998.
46. Caleb Solomon, "Clean Gasoline Makes
Debut This Weekend," Wall Street Journal, October
60. Timothy Egan, "An Alaskan Paradise
30, 1992, pp. B1, B14; and California Energy
Regained," New York Times, August 9, 1998,
Commission, Fuels Report 1995 (Sacramento:
pp. 13, 23.
CEC, 1995), p. 24.
61. Henry Linden, "Operational, Technological
47. Ibid., pp. 2426; California Air Resources
and Economic Drivers for Convergence of the
Board, "Comparison of Federal and California
Electric Power and Gas Industries," Electricity
Reformulated Gasoline," Fact Sheet 3, February
Journal, May 1997, p. 18; and Johannes
1996; and CARB, California RFG Forum, February
Pfeifenberger et al., "What's in the Cards for
1995, p. 1.
Distributed Generation," Energy Journal, Special
Issue, 1998, p. 4.
48. Quoted in CARB, California RFG Forum
,
August 1995, p. 3.
62. A study by Data Resource International esti-
mated that technological trends would result in
49. CARB, "Comparison of Federal and California
an optimum size for gas plants of 150
Reformulated Gasoline," p. 1.
megawatts. DRI, Convergence of Gas & Power:
50. Kevin Cleary, communication with the
Causes and Consequences (Boulder, Colo.: DRI,
author, March 8, 1999.
1997), p. 3-40.
63. Gerald Cler and Nicholas Lenssen, Distributed
51. Sam Atwood, spokesperson, South Coast Air
Quality Management District, California
Generation: Markets and Technologies in Transition
(Boulder, Colo.: E Source, 1997), pp. 10, 19.
Environmental Protection Agency, communica-
tion with the author, March 4, 1999.
64. Clyde Wayne Crews, "Electric Avenues: Why
52. CEC, Fuels Report 1993 (Sacramento: CEC,
`Open Access' Can't Compete," Cato Institute
1994), pp. 24, 32.
Policy Analysis no. 301, April 13, 1998, pp.
1011. The ability of residential and small com-
53. Tony Brasil, air resources engineer, CARB,
mercial users to profitably utilize microturbines
communication with the author, September 4,
is more distant than that of larger users owing
1998. Combined with the EPA requirement, the
to remaining scale diseconomies and sunk costs
California standard reduced particulate matter an
enjoyed by the incumbent provider.
extra 5 percent.
65. Kenneth Lay, "Change and Innovation: The
54. "Diesel Will Continue to Be Heavy-Duty Fuel
Evolving Energy Industry," Division 3 keynote
of Choice, House Told," New Fuels & Vehicles
address, World Energy Congress, September 14,
Report, March 27, 1998, p. 9.
1998, Houston, Tex.
55. Rebecca Blumenstein, "GM and Amoco
66. Bradley, "Renewable Energy," pp. 5052.
Expected to Unveil Clean-Fuel Effort," Wall
67. Ibid., pp. 5355.
Street Journal, February 4, 1998, p. A10; Gregory
White, "GM, Isuzu Investing $320 Million to
68. Jason Makansi, "Advanced Coal Systems Face
Build Advanced Diesel Engines for GM
Stiff Barriers to Application," Electric Power
Pickups," Wall Street Journal, September 9, 1998;
International, December 1997, pp. 2734. On the
and "Diesel Will Continue to Be Heavy-Duty
improving retrofits of existing gas turbine tech-
Fuel of Choice," p. A4.
nology, see CarolAnn Giovando, "Explore
56. EIA, International Energy Outlook 1998,
Opportunities for Today's Steam Turbine," Power,
pp. 4047.
JulyAugust 1998, pp. 2839.
43