Economic Aid," pp. 58389.
U.S. AID documents.
43. Documents and information provided by
28. U.S. General Accounting Office, "Foreign
Veniamin Sokolov, interview of May 31, 1998.
Assistance: Harvard Institute for International
Development's Work in Russia and Ukraine,"
44. Information provided by Clifford, June 11,
November 1996, pp. 4, 18.
1996.
29. Thomas E. Graham, "Russia's New Non-
45. As of June 1996, Japan was the largest contrib-
Democrats," Harper's Magazine, April 1996, p. 26.
utor of the G-7, according to Ralf-Dieter Montag
Girmes, director of post-privatization support
30. "Regulation, Training and Infrastructure
with the Russian Privatization Center. Interview
Development: Current Resources and 199596
of June 12, 1996.
Projects," Briefing prepared for U.S. AID by
Richard P. Bernard, executive director, Resource
46. Interview with World Bank official Ira
Secretariat for the Russian Federation Commis-
Lieberman, July 23, 1996.
sion on Securities and the Capital Market, March
29, 1995, p. 1.
47. The European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development has contributed about $43 million
31. Vladislav Borodulin, "Rebirth of the Commis-
to the RPC, according the EBRD's Renae Ng, in a
sion on Economic Reform: Chubais Becomes
conversation on September 24, 1996.
Fully Empowered Symbol of Economic Reforms,"
Kommersant-Daily, January 20, 1995, p. 2, translat-
48. Interviews with Coles, June 5, 1996, and with
ed in the Current Digest 47, no. 3 (February 15,
Montag Girmes, June 12, 1996.
1995): 23.
49. Interview with U.S. AID official in Moscow
32. Information about the presidential directive
Cecilia Ciepiela, August 5, 1996.
was published in Rossiiskie Vesti on August 15,
1996, cited in "Chubais Controls Presidential
50. Interviews with a representative of Price
Decree Process," OMRI Daily Digest 148 (August
Waterhouse, July 18, 1996; Dennis Mitchem of
15, 1996).
Arthur Andersen, August 18 and 19, 1996; and
Robert Otto of Carana, August 27, 1996.
33. "Regulation, Training and Infrastructure
Development," p. 1.
51. Interviews with Mitchem, August 18 and 19,
1996.
34. For details, see Lynn D. Nelson and Irina Y.
Kuzes, Property to the People: The Struggle for Radical
52. Interview with Otto, August 27, 1996.
Reform in Russia (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe,
53. Documents and information provided by
1994); and Lynn D. Nelson and Irina Y. Kuzes,
Veniamin Sokolov, interview of May 31, 1998.
Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia: Political, Economic,
and Social Dimensions (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe,
54. U.S. General Accounting Office, "Foreign
1995).
Assistance," p. 52.
35. Maxim Boycko, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert
55. Interview with Clifford, July 24, 1996.
Vishny, Privatizing Russia (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Press, 1995), p. 5.
56. U.S. General Accounting Office, "Foreign
Assistance," pp. 17, 3, 43.
36. Interview with Walter Coles, June 6, 1996.
57. Sources close to the U.S. investigation; and
37. For details of this case, see Janine R. Wedel,
Carla Anne Robbins and Steve Liesman, "How an
"Clique-Run Organizations and U.S. Economic
Aid Program Vital to New Economy of Russia
Aid: An Institutional Analysis," Demokratizatsiya:
Collapsed," Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1997.
The Journal of Post-Soviet Experience 4, no. 4 (Fall
For details, see Janine R. Wedel, "The Harvard
1996): 571602.
Boys Do Russia: How the Best and Brightest
Helped Destroy the Russian Economy," Nation,
38. Interview with Viktor Agroskin, July 26, 1995.
June 1, 1998, pp. 1116.
39. Based on figures provided by Clifford, June 11,
58. Letter from U.S. AID to HIID director Jeffrey
1996.
Sachs, May 20, 1997. See also U.S. AID press
40. U.S. General Accounting Office, "Foreign
release, "USAID Suspends Two Harvard Agree-
Assistance," p. 8.
ments in Russia," May 20, 1997.
41. Ibid., p. 50.
59. See, for example, "U.S. Jury Probes Russia
Project Run by Harvard University Aides," Wall
42. For case studies illustrating this point, see
Street Journal, February 5, 1999, p. A13.
Wedel, "Clique-Run Organizations and U.S.
18