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31. On the State of the Public Health, p. 9.
32. C. Marris, I. Langford, and T. O'Riordan, "Integrating
Sociological and Psychological Approaches to Public
Perceptions of Environmental Risks: Detailed Results from a
Questionnaire Survey," CSERGE Working Paper GEC 96-07,
University of East Anglia, 1996.
33. See Adams, Risk, chapter 3, "Patterns in Uncertainty."
34. R. E. Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 19.
35. Eric Hamilton, "Radon," Chemistry in Britain, April
1997, p. 49. (300 Bq m-3 is equivalent to about twice the
Environmental Protection Agency's "level of concern" for
radon in homes.)
36. See Bernard L. Cohen, "Lung Cancer Rate vs. Mean Radon
Level in U.S. Counties of Various Characteristics," Health
Physics 72 (1997): 114-19, for an example of an analysis
that supports the idea that certain, low levels of radon
exposure have beneficial health effects.
37. Michael Thompson, R. Ellis, and A. Wildavsky, Cultural
Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990).
38. National Research Council, Risk Assessment in the
Federal Government: Managing the Process (1983; Washington:
National Academy Press, 1992).
39. Ibid., p. 27. Since the NRC report was published, the
EPA and the FDA, which most depend on animal tests to jus-
tify their regulations, have reconciled their differences
about scaling factors. They took an average of their com-
peting values. See Environmental Protection Agency, "A
Cross-Species Scaling Factor for Carcinogen Risk
Assessments Based on Equivalence of mg/kg3/4/day," Federal
Register 57 (1992): 24152-73.
40. See Michael Gough, "Science Policy Choices and
Estimation of Cancer Risk Associated with TCDD," Risk
Analysis 8 (1988): 337-42.
41. Michael Gough and Stephen Milloy, "EPA's Cancer Risk
Guidelines: Guidance to Nowhere," Cato Policy Analysis no.
263, November 12, 1996, p. 25.
42. The method of presenting information in Figure 12
might be considered both as the product of a cultural fil-
ter and as a cultural filter in its own right. On such a