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5.

It is appropriate that advocates have stopped using

the terms "low-income" and "disadvantaged" interchangeably,

given the mounds of empirical evidence showing that family

income does not determine a child's outcome.  See, for

example, Susan E. Mayer, What Money Can't Buy: Family

Income and Children's Life Chances (Cambridge, Mass.:

Harvard University Press, 1997); and Paul R. Amato and

Alan Booth, A Generation at Risk (Cambridge, Mass.:

Harvard University Press, 1997).  However, that assumption

appears to have been replaced by the equally untested

assumption that most parents do not provide for their

children's healthy development.

6.

Carnegie Corporation of New York, "Years of Promise:

A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America's Children,"

September 1996, p. viii, http://www.carnegie.org/

execsum.html#genprob.  Emphasis in the original.

7.

Sharon L. Kagan and Nancy E. Cohen, "Not by Chance:

Creating an Early Care and Education System for America's

Children," Bush Center in Child Development and Social

Policy, Yale University, 1997, p. 3.

8.

Superintendent's Universal Preschool Task Force,

California Department of Education, "Universal Preschool:

Urgent Education Priority," March 15, 1998, http://www.

cde.ca.gov/preschool/priority.htm

9.

Edward F. Zigler, "School-Based Daycare for All

Children," Testimony to the U.S. House Education and Labor

Committee, February 9, 1989.

10.  Edward F. Zigler, "Formal Schooling for Four-Year-

Olds? No" in Early Schooling: the National Debate, ed.

Sharon L. Kagan and Edward F. Zigler (New Haven, Conn.:

Yale University Press, 1987), p. 40.

11.  American Political Network Inc., "Spotlight: Early

Childhood Conundrum," Daily Report Card 42, no. 7 (May 12,

1997), cited at http://www.americatomorrow.com/

menu/drc/drc70512.htm.

12.

Kagan and Cohen, "Not by Chance," p. ix.

13.  Sharon L. Kagan and

Nancy E. Cohen, "Funding and

Financing Early Care and

Education: A Review of Issues and

Strategies," Bush Center

in Child Development and Social

Policy, Yale University,

1997, p. 10.

14.

Kagan and Cohen, "Not by Chance," p. 35.