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tested at very low nuclear yields--perhaps even at the

level equivalent to a few pounds of explosive.

15. Bill Gertz, "US Officials Suspect Russia Staged

Nuclear Test This Year," Washington Times, March 7, 1996,

p. A3; and Bill Gertz, "Perry Cites Evidence of Russian

Nuke Test," Washington Times, March 8, 1996, p. A8.

16. Hydronuclear experiments enable the development of

testing baselines, methodologies, tools, and procedures and

provide a focus for nuclear weapons designers to work

directly with engineers, technicians, and other special-

ists.

17. Simulations cannot be substituted because they are not

always capable of predicting one-point safety.  One-point

safety exists when there is less than one chance in a mil-

lion that an accidental detonation will have more than

four pounds of yield.

18. The need to be able to design new weapons was acknowl-

edged in the Clinton administration's Nuclear Posture Re-

iew.  In the opinion of the Clinton administration, the

CTBT does not prohibit either the development or the

improvement of existing nuclear weapons.  See "Message

from the President," p. 2.

19. Hecker, p. 84.

20. John F. Kennedy, Address of March 2, 1962, reprinted

in United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

Publication 19, November 1963, p. 74.

21. For example, they wanted to know the effects of the

electromagnetic pulse--generated by a nuclear blast--on

sophisticated communications systems.

22. The term "first nuclear weapons states" will be used

instead of "declared nuclear weapons states" because the

latter term lost much of its relevance following the tests

and declarations of nuclear weapons status by India and

Pakistan in May 1998.  The first five declared nuclear

weapons states, whose weapons were openly acknowledged at

the time of the NPT's entry into force, are the United

States, the Soviet Union (now Russia), China, the United

Kingdom, and France.

23. The United States has received nonbinding assurances

from members of the North American and Western European

Group, of which it is a member, that it will serve contin-