/?vgnextoid=d6f988e60a405110VgnVCM100000
Response Report A-08-06-26100, December 2006,
4718190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d6f988e60a40
http://www.socialsecurity.gov/oig/ADOBEPDF/a
5110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD.
udittxt/A-08-06-26100.htm.
41. Phillip J. Windley, Digital Identity (Sebastopol,
31. See Congressional Budget Office, Cost Estimate:
CA: O'Reilly, 2005), p. 119.
H.R. 4437, Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and
Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, December
42. Jim Harper, Identity Crisis: How Identification Is
13, 2005, pp. 34 (citing Bureau of Labor Statistics
Overused and Misunderstood (Washington: Cato
figures), http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/69xx/doc69
Institute, 2006), p. 15. ("Your `identities' . . . are
54/hr4437.pdf.
collections of information that other people and
institutions have about you, collections that they
32. U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services, "I Am
use to distinguish you from other people in their
an Employer . . . How Do I . . . Use E-Verify?"
minds or records.")
September 2007, p. 2, http://www.uscis.gov/files
/nativedocuments/E4_english.pdf.
43. Windley, Digital Identity, pp. 1213.
33. See Department of State, Western Hemisphere
44. See, for example, Illegal Immigration Enforce-
Travel Initiative Web page, http://travel.state.gov/
ment and Social Security Protection Act of 2007,
travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html.
HR 98, 110th Cong., 1st sess.; Employment
Eligibility Verification and Anti-Identity Theft Act,
34. Matthew Lee, "Passport Requests Flood State
HR 138, 110th Cong., 1st sess.; Border Security and
Department," Associated Press, March 16, 2007,
Immigration Reform Act of 2007, HR 2413, 110th
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20070316/a
Cong., 1st sess.; Secure Borders FIRST (For
p_tr_ge/travel_brief_us_passports;_ylt=AuGCNy
Integrity, Reform, Safety, and Anti-Terrorism) Act
3Tw0Z6491HO86wucjMWM0F.
of 2007, HR 2954, 110th Cong., 1st sess.; STRIVE
35. "Increased Demand in Passports Predicted,"
Act of 2007, HR 1645, 110th Cong., 1st sess.; and
Associated Press, August 17, 2007, http://www.
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007,
cbsnews.com/stories/2007/08/17/travel/main31
S 1348, 110th Cong., 1st sess.
79514.shtml.
45. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S.
36. In mid-2006, former Treasury Department offi-
Citizenship and Immigration Services, "News
cial Bruce Bartlett said that the underground econ-
Release: USCIS Launches Photo Screening Tool
omy is about 10 percent of gross domestic product,
for E-Verify Program," September 25, 2007, http:
or $1.3 trillion. Bruce Bartlett, "The Illegal Immi-
//www.uscis.gov/files/pressrelease/EVerifyReleas
grant Taxpayer," Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2006,
e25Sep07.pdf.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB11480025749215
46. See http://www.flyclear.com.
7398.html?mod=todays_us_opinion.
47. Steven Brill, chairman and chief executive officer,
37. See Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, "A Chronol-
Clear/Verified Identity Pass, Inc., testimony before
ogy of Data Breaches," http://www.privacyrights.
the House Committee on Homeland Security,
org/ar/ChronDataBreaches.htm.
Subcommittee on Transportation Security and
38. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Per-
Infrastructure Protection, Hearing on "Managing
sonal Information: Data Breaches Are Frequent, but
Risk and Increasing Efficiency: An Examination of
Evidence of Resulting Identity Theft Is Limited;
the Implementation of the Registered Traveler Pro-
However, the Full Extent Is Unknown, GAO 07-737,
gram," July 31, 2007, http://homeland.house.gov/
Washington, DC, June 2007, http://www.gao.
SiteDocuments/20070731145944-83679.pdf.
gov/new.items/d07737.pdf.
48. The city of San Francisco's medical marijuana
39. See Center for Democracy and Technology,
program is a rare example of a government
"Unlicensed Fraud: How Bribery and Lax Security
administrative system that is designed not to be
at State Motor Vehicle Offices Nationwide Lead
suitable for surveillance. See Harper, Identity Crisis,
to Identity Theft and Illegal Driver's Licenses,"
pp. 22530.
January 2004, http://www.cdt.org/privacy/2004
49. Congressional Budget Office, "Cost Estimate:
0200dmv.pdf.
HR 4437," http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/69xx/
40. Department of Homeland Security, U.S.
doc6954/hr4437.pdf.
Citizenship and Immigration Services, "For Em-
50. Department of Homeland Security, "Minimum
ployees," http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/
Standards for Driver's Licenses and Identification
menuitem.eb1d4c2a3e5b9ac89243c6a7543f6d1a
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