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5.  See Charles Bullard, "Iowa City Man on Phone When

Shot," Des Moines Register, September 4, 1996, p. 4.

6.  Joseph Story, A Familiar Exposition of the Consti-

tution of the United States (1859; Lake Bluff, Ill.:

Regnery Gateway, 1986), p. 68.

7.  As Professor Stanley Katz of Princeton University once

noted, "It was not until the era of the American

Revolution that the judiciary was conceived of as a func-

tionally independent member of a government triad."

Stanley N. Katz, Introduction to William Blackstone,

Commentaries on the Laws of England: A Facsimile of the

First Edition of 1765-1769 (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1979), vol. 1, p. ix.

8.  See Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211, 240

(1995) (opinion of Scalia, J.).

9.  Article I, section 9, para. 3; and Article I, section

10, para. 1.

10. In 1801 two judges on the Circuit Court for the Dis-

trict of Columbia instructed the local district attorney

to institute a prosecution for libel against the editor of

the National Intelligencer for publishing a sharp attack

on the federal judiciary.  The district attorney objected

to the interposition of the court and refused to follow

the judicial instructions.  See Charles Warren, The

Supreme Court in United States History (1926; Littleton,

Colo.: Fred B. Rothman, 1987), vol. 1, pp. 194-98.  See

also Young v. United States, 481 U.S. 787, 815-25 (1987)

(Scalia, J., concurring).

11. Frank H. Easterbrook, "Presidential Review," Case West-

ern Reserve Law Review 40 (1990): 918.

12. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the

United States (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1833), vol. 3,

§1895, p. 748.

13. See Nelson B. Lasson, The History and Development of

the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937), pp. 55-

56.  See also Tracey Maclin, "The Central Meaning of the

Fourth Amendment," William and Mary Law Review 35 (1993):

221.

14. See A. J. Langguth, Patriots: The Men Who Started the

American Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988),

p. 17.