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81.  Quoted in ENR (Engineering News Record), October 24,

1994.

82.  "Shooting Injures Guard at WCI Steel," Vindicator

(Youngstown, Ohio), September 22, 1995.

83.  "Police Chief to Outline Plan for Restoring Order at

WCI," Vindicator (Youngstown, Ohio), September 29, 1995.

84.

Ibid.

85.  Raymond L. Smith, "Workers Make It Official," Tribune

Chronicle (Warren, Ohio), October 25, 1995.

86.  "Violent Union Members Criminal, Senate Panel Told,"

HR Wire, September 8, 1997.

87.  Darlene Superville, "Senate Committee Reviews Union

Violence," Associated Press, September 3, 1997.

88.

Hayek, p. 267.

89.  For a succinct overview of the theory of the matter,

see Roger Pilon, "A Government of Limited Powers," in The

Cato Handbook for Congress: 104th Congress (Washington, DC:

Cato Institute, 1995), pp. 17-34.

90.  Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 231 (1824) (Johnson,

J., concurring).

91.

United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995).

92.  See, for example, NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel

Corp., 301 U.S. 1, 41 (1937).

93.  Testimony of Edwin Meese III Before the Senate

Judiciary Committee, September 3, 1997, pp. 2, 7 (not yet

published, copy available from the author).

94.

Haggard and Thieblot, p. 114.

95.  Model Penal Code, §223.4;  AK, 11.51.520 & 11.41.530;

CT, CGSA §53a-119;  HI, Hi Pen. C. §707-64;  IA, §711.4;

KY, Ky. Pen. C. §514.080;  MD, Ann. C. Md. Art. 27, §562B;

MT, Mt. C. Ann. §45-2-107;  NB, Neb. Rev. Stat. §28-513;

NJ, NJ Stat. Ann., §2C: 20-5;  NY, Consol. Laws of NY,

Ann., §155.05(e);  PA, Penn. Consol. Stat., Ann., §3923;

SD, SD Codified Laws, §22-30A-4;  UT, Utah C. Ann. §76-6-

406.  Colorado has taken a broader approach by striking

down its extortion statute because it would have reached