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neighborhoods but did not constitute separate local govern-

ments.

19. See Peter Marris and Martin Rein, Dilemmas of Social

Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the U.S. (Chicago:

Adline, 1972).

20. William H. Frey, "Minority Suburbanization and Continued

White Flight in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Assessing Findings

from the 1990 Census," Research in Community Sociology 4

(1994): 15-42.

21. Ibid., p. 41.

22. Weaver.

23. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

(New York: Random House, 1961), p. 187.

24. Michael Stegman, "Federal Urban Policy and the Budget,"

Address to the Center for Urban Policy Research at Rutgers

University, February 28, 1996.

25. Nicholas Lemann, "The Myth of Community Development,"

New York Times Magazine, January 9, 1994.

26. Weaver.

27. Carter McFarland, The Federal Government and Urban

Problems (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1978), p. 5.

28. See Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, "The

Second Coming of the American Small Town," Wilson Quarterly

16, no. 2 (Winter 1992), pp. 19-32.

29. Meredith, p. 1.

30. Jacobs, p. 251.

31. Esther Scott, "Cleaner Air and Clearer Roads," Kennedy

School of Government Case Study 1170.0, Harvard College,

1993.

32. Alan Altshuler, "The Ideo-Logics of Urban Land Use Poli-

cy," in Dilemmas of Scale in American Democracy, ed. Martha

Derthick (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, forthcom-

ing).