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izing whole streets and neighborhoods.36

Although there is widespread reluctance to acknowledge

it, there is an obvious link between personal responsibility

and behavior and the ability to move to a "better" neighbor-

hood.  To buy a house--absent a rent subsidy--requires one

to be regularly employed, to save money, and to defer other

types of gratification.  In that way, the poor can form

slightly less poor neighborhoods that represent higher rungs

on the housing and neighborhood ladders.  Vouchers are

insensitive to that social dynamic, as has been HUD, both

historically and today.  HUD officials continue to endorse,

for instance, the idea of using vouchers to disperse the

poor throughout suburban locales.  They term this "demand-

side" rental assistance that empowers lower-income families

to seek housing in the metropolitan marketplace, notwith-

standing the fact that those households have not had to

engage in the sort of personal discipline that their neigh-

bors have relied upon to reach the same neighborhood.37

Such programs have also caused particular problems when

they have been used as a vehicle to foster racial integra-

tion.  In his ill-fated Moving to Opportunity program,

former HUD secretary Henry Cisneros sought to use rent

subsidies to place low-income, inner-city residents in

middle-class suburbs.  Cisneros believed that such a move

offered the best way for such residents to find better

neighborhoods and better public goods, such as schools for

their children.  Not surprisingly, announcements of such

intentions (e.g., in Baltimore) caused widespread back-

lash.38  Such resistance is often glibly ascribed to the

alleged racism of lower-middle-class white communities who

are asked to host the lower-income black newcomers.  But

working-class blacks are also vociferous in their opposition

to social engineering that places subsidized tenants, in-

cluding those on public assistance, in so-called mixed-

income buildings.  The Chicago Housing Authority has faced

objections by black developers who assert that public hous-

ing tenants placed in mixed-income buildings have vandalized

the premises and alienated nonsubsidized neighbors through

their behavior.39  Thus, the gains and achievements of blue-

collar families who strive and save to attain improved