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53. Metro, Region 2040 Recommended Alternative Technical

Appendix.

54. Joel Garreau, "Metro, Creating a Livable Future: Deci-

sions for the 21st Century," in Proceedings of Metro's 1992

Regional Growth Conference (Portland: Metro, 1992).

55. Kenneth Dueker, "Portland's Love Affair with Light Rail:

Assessing the Risk Factors," Center for Urban Studies,

Portland, 1995, p. 6.

56. Jonathan Richmond, "The Mythical Conception of Rail

Transit in Los Angeles," Journal of Architecture and Plan-

ning Research, forthcoming, draft p. 9.

57. Railroad Division, Public Utilities Commission of Ore-

gon, Light Rail Transit: Portland Area Rail Corridor Study

(Salem: PUC, 1973).

58. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and

Housing (Washington: Bureau of the Census, 1992).

59. U.S. Department of Transportation and Environmental

Protection Agency, Clean Air through Transportation, p. 26.

60. Robert Dunphy, "Review of Recent American Light Rail

Experiences," in Transportation Research Board, Seventh

National Conference on Light Rail Transit (Washington:

National Academy Press, 1995), pp. 106­7.

61. On congestion, see David Schrank, Shawn Turner, and

Timothy Lomax, Estimates of Urban Roadway Congestion--1990

(Washington: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1994),

p. 18.  On restoration cost, see Calavita, p. 21.

62. Don Pickrell, Urban Rail Transit Projects: Forecast vs.

Actual Ridership and Costs (Cambridge, Mass.: U.S. Depart-

ment of Transportation, 1989), pp. x­xiv.

63. Ibid., p. xi.

64. Ibid., p. xv.

65. See Dunphy.

66. Ibid.

67. Don Chen, "LA Bus Riders Union Sues MTA," STPP Progress,