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Page 50

39. Ibid.

40. 1990 Census of Population and Housing (Washington:

Bureau of the Census, 1992).

41. Ibid.

42. G. Harvey, Relation of Residential Density to VMT per

Resident: Oakland (Oakland, Calif.: Metropolitan Planning

Commission, 1990).

43. Metro, Region 2040 Recommended Alternative Technical

Appendix (Portland: Metro, 1994).

44. Nico Calavita, "Vale of Tiers: San Diego's Much-Lauded

Growth Management System May Not Be As Good As It Looks,"

Planning, March 1997, pp. 18-21.

45. In this discussion, "cities" refers to incorporated

urban areas and "metropolitan areas" refers to the urbanized

areas in and around the incorporated cities, including

adjacent and nearby cities.  Census Bureau definitions are

used in all cases.

46. Measured by Census Bureau definitions of "urbanized

areas."  The Miami metropolitan area has a slightly higher

density than the Los Angeles area unless it is considered

together with the contiguous Ft. Lauderdale metropolitan

area.

47. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 1995,

Table HM-72.

48. Metro, Metro Measured (Portland: Metro, 1994), p. 7.

49. Cambridge Systematics, The Effects of Land Use and

Travel Demand Management Strategies on Commuting Behavior

(Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Systematics, 1994), p. 3-7.

50. Ibid.

51. U.S Department of Transportation and Environmental

Protection Agency, Clean Air through Transportation: Chal-

lenges in Meeting National Air Quality Standards (Washing-

ton: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1994).

52. Ibid., p. 21.